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初中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    —Sleep well, Mary?
    —No. The noise the workers _____ me awake for hours.

    [     ]


    A. made to keep
    B. made kept
    C. made keep
    D. was made to keep
    本题信息:2012年期末题英语单选题难度一般 来源:曾庆艳
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “—Sleep well, Mary?—No. The noise the workers _____ me awake for hours.[ ]A. made to keepB. made keptC. made keepD. was made to keep” 主要考查您对

一般过去时

定语从句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 一般过去时
  • 定语从句
一般过去时:
表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
基本结构:
主语+动词过去式+其他;
否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;
一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。
一般过去时句法结构:
肯定形式
主语+动词过去式+其他
例句:She often came to help us in those days.
否定形式
①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
例句:I didn't know you like coffee
一般疑问句
①Did+主语+do+其他? ②WasWere+主语+表语?
例句:Did I do that?
用表格整理如下:
肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式
Iworked Did I work? I did not work Did I not work?
He(She,It) worked Did he(she,it) work? He(she,it) did not work Did he(she,it) notwork?
We worked Did we work? We did not work Did we not work?
You worked Did you work? You did not work Did you not work?
They worked Did they work? They did not work Did they not work?
记忆口诀:
一般过去时并不难,过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单,didn't 站在动原前,其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记!

一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则:

构成

举例

一般情况

词尾+ed

动词原形

过去式和过去分词

look
talk

looked
talked

以不发音字母e结尾

词尾+d

like
arrive

liked
arrived

以“辅以字母+y”结尾

变y为i,再加ed

fly
study

flied
studied

以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母

双写词尾+ed

stop
plan

stopped
planned 


结构句型:

1.一般句子
I watched TV last night.
2.一般疑问句
Did you watch TV last night?
3.there be 句型
There was an apple on the table last night.
Was there an apple on the table last night
一般过去时注意事项:
1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
如果主句用了过去时,从句中一般也要用过去式,或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如:
He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

2.在口语中, 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去,而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如:
I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗?

3.used to
used to 是一个词组,表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如:
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)
一般过去式用法:
(1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。
句式:主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子,抽烟抽得可凶了。

(2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:
yesterday,last week ,in  the  past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
(句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响)。
Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗?(你现在不饿吗?)
Yes,I have. 是的,我已经吃过了。(已经吃饱了,不想再吃了。)
When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的?(关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。)
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。)
Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
I ate it at 6:45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

(3)带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:
yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、last year…(去年…)、the other day(前几天)、
once upon a time(很久以前)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、
When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…)、at+一个时间点
Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
注:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。

(4)表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。

(5)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
比较:
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
(说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
(表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
(不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)

(6)如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做,而现在不那样做了)
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
(意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
比较:
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
(只是说明过去这一动作)

(7)有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时。
I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
(因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
(这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)
一般过去时三变技巧:
一变:肯定句变为否定句
技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could,would,should等时,可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如:
I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
技巧2.当句中含有系动词was,were 时,可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如:
I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在该动词之前加did not / didn't,动词还原,构成否定句。例如:
The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

二变:陈述句变为一般疑问句
技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was,were, could,would,should等移到句首。例如:
He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在主语之前加did,动词还原。例如:
Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

三变:陈述句变为特殊疑问句
技巧1.确定疑问词:人who / whom,物what,地点where,时间when / what time,原因why,频率how often,长度how long,距离how far等等。例如:
They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
技巧2.辨认结构形式:疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如:
The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?
定语从句:
担任定语动能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一部分。

定语从句的分类:
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去;
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
1.由that引导的定语从句
一般情况下that可指人或物,可以代替who,whom和which,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能作介词的宾语。如:
The comrade that(who)is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker.
正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。
Is this the doctor that(whom)you talked about yesterday?
这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗?
The letter that(which)I received yesterday was from my father.
昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。
2.由who,whom和whose引导的定语从句
who在从句中作主语,whom在从句中作宾语,whose在从句中作定语。如:
This is the thief who stole my bike.这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find.他就是你想要找的那个男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside.妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
3.由which引导的定语从句
which指物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如:
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”.
妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum.
鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。
4.由where,when和why引导的定语从句
where在从句中作地点状语,when在从句中作时间状语,why在从句中作原因状语。如:
I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
He will go back to the school where he studied next week.下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin.我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。
[注意点]
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词常省去。如:
The play(which)I watched just now had been on twice on Channel
我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。


限定性定语从句:
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;
它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导

非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
限定性定语从句口诀:
(口诀一)  
定语从句真奇妙,  
关系代(副)词来引导,  
定语从句分两种,  
是否限定看逗号。  
(口诀二)  
which指物who指人,  
地点where时间when,  
that人或物均可,  
why之前是reason。  
(口诀三)  
从句当中作宾语,  
whom可以代替who,  
为了句子更简练,  
关系代词可省去。  
(口诀四)  
关系若是表所属,  
whose用法不可无。  
除此之外还有啥,  
whom, which加of。  
(口诀五)  
关系代词不一般,  
介词经常用在前,  
此时不用that, who,  
which, whom才安全。 
引导定语从句的关系词:

关系词

词形

所修饰的先行词 

在从句中所作的成分 

关系代词

who

主语、宾语、表语

whom

宾语

which

主语、宾语、表语

that

人或物

主语、宾语、表语

as

人或物

主语、宾语、表语

whose=of whom/of=which

人或物

定语

关系副词

when

时间词

时间状语

where

地点词

地点状语

why

原因词

原因状语


关系代词的用法 :
1. 关系代词的句法功能 
(1)关系代词在句中作主语
例如:I prefer music that/which has great lyrics 
(2) 关系代词在句中作宾语 
例如:I like music that I can sing along with. 
(3)关系代词在句中作表语
例如:The house is not the one (that) it used to be.
2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语
例如:Is she the teacher whose hair is very short? 
3. 关系代词的用法 
(1)who和whom的用法:二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,
whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语,而who则不能。
例如:
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party 
in the shopping center yesterday.
(2)whose的用法:一般指人,有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。 
例如:I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics.
(3)which的用法:一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。 
例如:The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. 
(4)that的用法:指人或物,指人时可与who、whom互换,指物时可与that互换。
在从句中可作主语、宾语,还可作表语。 
例如:It is a book (that/which) no one really likes. 
4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况 
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时 
例如:Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions.  
(2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语     
例如:The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
5. 在以下情况中,关系代词常用that
(1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时,只能用that。
例如:There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 
(2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时,只能用that。
例如:This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
(3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that。
例如:This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(4)先行词同时包括人和物时,只能用他和她,
例如:Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
6. 只能用which不能用that的情形
(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时,只能用which
例如:The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
(2)关系代词前面有介词时,只能用which
例如:The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
(3)先行词本身就是that时
例如:I don’t like that which he did.

关系副词的用法 
1. when的用法:它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
例如:Do you remember the time when she went abroad?
2. where的用法:它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。
例如:I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法:它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。
例如:Tell me the reason why she was late.