本试题 “用所给词的适当形式填空。1. On the _(one) day of school, I was late.2. She's been _(marry) for ten years.3. After the bride (新娘) got _(dress) in w...” 主要考查您对序数词
形容词
实义动词
助动词
被动语态
分词
一般过去时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
序数词的读法与写法:
序数词写法:
1 first ;2 second ; 3 third ;4 fourth ; 5 fifth ;
6 sixth ;7 seventh; 8 eighth;9 ninth ;10 tenth ;
11 eleventh ;12 twelfth ;13; thirteenth ;14 fourteenth;15 fifteenth
16 sixteenth ;17 seventeenth ;18 eighteenth;19 nineteenth;
20 twentieth ;30 thirtieth ;40 fortieth ;50 fiftieth ;60 sixtieth ;70 seventieth;80 eightieth ; 90 ninetieth
多位序词:
由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。
one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一
one thousand three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十
two hundred and fifty-second 第二百五十二
缩写:
有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有:
first——1st ;second——2nd ;third——3rd; fourth——4th ;sixth——6th ;twentieth——20th;twenty-third——23rd
其中lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。
序数词前不加the的情况:
在英语中,使用序数词时前面要加定冠词 the,但是,在下面的情况下则不加 the:
1.当序数词前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰时,序数词前不用 the。
Mother was my first teacher in my life.妈妈是我生命中的第一个老师。
Tom is Lily's third boyfriend. 汤姆是莉莉的第三个男朋友。
2.当表达分数时,序数词前不用 the。
One fifth of the students here are from the country. 这儿1/5的学生来自农村。
Three fourths of the students here are from the country. 这儿的3/4的学生来自农村。
3.当表达“又一,再一”时,序数词前不用 the,但可加不定冠词。
Please give me a second chance. 请再给我一次机会。
The poor woman had a third baby. 那个可怜的妇女又生了第三个宝宝。
4.当表达“年月日”时,尤其在朗读时,序数词前要加 the。
He was born on June 6th, 1974. 他出生在1974年6月6日。
5.当序数词在句中作状语时,序数词前不用 the。
Who got there second? 谁第二个到那儿的?
I finished the work first. 我最先完成那项工作。
6. 当表达考试(比赛等)中获得的名次时,序数词前不用 the。
She stands first in her class. 她在班上成绩排名第一。
基数词变序数词的口诀:
基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th。
一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d。
八去t,九除e,ve要用f替,ty将y变成i,th前面有个e。
若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
整十基数变序数,先把ty变成tie,要是遇上两位数,十位基数,个位序,th最后加上去。
或者一,二,三变字体;th从4上起;8加h,9减e;用f 代ve;ty变为tie。
序数词的语法功能及用法:
序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
The second is what I really need. 第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语)
He choose the second. 他挑选了第二个。(作宾语)
We are to carry out the first plan. 我们将执行第一个计划。(作定语)
She is the second in our class.在我们班她是第二名。(作表语)
注:序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再—”,“又—”。
We'll go over it a second time. 我们得再念第二遍。
We've tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了,还必须试一次(第四次)吗?
表示顺序的序数词
只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠词。
the first lesson——Lesson One the fifth page——Page 5(five)
the twenty-first room——Room 21(twenty-one)
形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能”
He is too young to go to school.
=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
He is old enough to join the army.
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
what/who/where/when/when else
something/anything/nothing…else
What else did you do?
Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他
常见助动词用法:
have的用法:
have作助动词
形式:
主要变化形式:have,has,had
动名词/现在分词:having
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月末为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时(现在完成时),例:
I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成时态的被动语态,例:
English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。
do的用法:
形式
主要变化形式:do,did,done
动名词/现在分词:doing
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2)do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study.他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party please.请一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。我真想你了!
5)用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代替动词,例如:
Do you like Beijing? 你喜欢北京吗?
Yes,I do.是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?他知道如何开车,对吧?
may和can:
1) may用来表示许可
2)may用于所有人称的现在时及将来时句子中。
3)might用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定形式:may not/mayn't,might not/mightn't
疑问式:may I?might I?等
否定疑问式:may I not?/mayn't I?等
表示许可的may的其他形式可用allow,be allowed的相应形式代替。
4)may后面接不带to的不定式(即动词原形)。
5)can用来表示许可
6)can用于所有人称的现在时及将来时的句子中。
7)could用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定式:can not/can't,could not/could't
疑问式:can I?could I?等。
否定疑问式:can I not?/can't I?could I not?/couldn't I?等。
表示许可的can的其他形式可用于allow,be allowde的相应形式代替。
can与不带to的不定式连用。
shall和will的用法:
1)shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。
现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
2)shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿
shall I turn on the light?
要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)
shall he come to see you?
他要不要来看你
(比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)
3)shall 用在陈述句,与第二第三人称连用,变为情态动词,表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等。
should,would的用法:
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。)
2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come.他说他要来。
比较:
"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。
时态 |
被动语态 |
一般现在时 |
am/is/are+过去分词 |
一般过去时 |
was/were+过去分词 |
现在进行时 |
am/is/are being+过去分词 |
过去进行时 |
was/were being+过去分词 |
一般将来时 |
will be+过去分词 |
过去将来时 |
would be+过去分词 |
现在完成时 |
have/has been+过去分词 |
过去完成时 |
had been+过去分词 |
情态动词 |
情态动词be+过去分词 |
现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表
分词用法:
1、分词作状语
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
肯定式 | 疑问式 | 否定式 | 疑问否定式 |
Iworked | Did I work? | I did not work | Did I not work? |
He(She,It) worked | Did he(she,it) work? | He(she,it) did not work | Did he(she,it) notwork? |
We worked | Did we work? | We did not work | Did we not work? |
You worked | Did you work? | You did not work | Did you not work? |
They worked | Did they work? | They did not work | Did they not work? |
词 |
构成 |
举例 | |
一般情况 |
词尾+ed |
动词原形 |
过去式和过去分词 |
look |
looked | ||
以不发音字母e结尾 |
词尾+d |
like |
liked |
以“辅以字母+y”结尾 |
变y为i,再加ed |
fly |
flied |
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾+ed |
stop |
stopped |
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别:
一、二者概念理解
一般过去时叙述旧事,过去进行时描述背景。
A、一般过去时
1.过去状态、动作或事件
He went to Beijing the other day.(带具体时间)
2.过去的习惯
a would ,used to与过去时
would 表间断性不规则的习惯,常带频率时间
used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯
They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.
He smoked a lot two years ago. (过去行为)
bWould 用于文中不用于句首,只表过去习惯。
Used to 表今昔对比的含义,叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。
When he was a boy , he would often go there . (叙述过去)
She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)
c 表示状态时一般只用used to
Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)
dwas (were) used to +ving表示“合适于,适应于…..”
He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常)
He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)
3.过去的经历,平行动作,依此事件用一般过去时。
He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)
4.客气委婉的语气,用于情态动词,助动词和want , wonder , hope 等
How did you like the film? / Could you help me?
B. 过去进行时
1.在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生
What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)
2.性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算
During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)
3.lways ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱,讨厌等感情色彩。
He was always Changing his mind.
二、区别
A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
I was reading the book at that time. (未读完,“读”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已读完,表整个“读”)
B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词,故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用,表反复,连续发生,不可用一般过去时)
C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
例:He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时,但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时,两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时,长的用进行时。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.
过去进行时的基本用法:
过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如:
He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。
3. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、
厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。如:
They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。
4. 动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。
比较:He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)
特殊用法
1、当句子意思很清楚时,我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时
We listened carefully when the teacher read the text. 老师读课文时,我们都仔细地听着。
2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。
用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
如:He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。
3、表示故事发生的背景。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时,天正下着雪。
4、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作,这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later,he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette.
5分钟后,他已站在门口抽着烟。
5、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应,含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street when someone called me.
我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
6、用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
7、与always,constantly等词连用,表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。
现在完成时的用法:
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语+have / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to:去了没回
has been to :去过
has been in:呆了很久
基本结构:
主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他.
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
肯定回答:Yes,主语+had
否定回答:No,主语+hadn't
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词+其他)?
⑤被动语态:主语+had(hadn't)+been+过去分词+其他
过去完成时基本用法:
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。
可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。
(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的,
那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
语法判定:
一、由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
(1) by + 过去的时间点。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
(2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
(3) before + 过去的时间点。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
二、由“过去的过去”来判定
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
(1)宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
(2)状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
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