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初中一年级英语

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  • 改错题
    以下各句均出现了一处错误,请找出并在横线上改正。
    1.---Howis yourgrandmother? ---She'sfine,thanks you.   (     )        
    A                      B                        C                  D
    2. (   )There arefive floorsinthe Building A?       (     )  _________
    A                    B        C      D
    3.---Is therea roomin your school?  Yes,it is.       (     )                   
    A      B         C                                      D
    4. You'relatetoday . Don'tlatenext time(下次).   (     )                   
    A          B                    C            D
    5. --Is thereabasketball court in your school?             (     )                
    A      B
    -- Yes. Lookthis picture, this is the basketball court.
    C                                          D
    本题信息:2012年月考题英语改错题难度一般 来源:吴月晶(初中英语)
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “以下各句均出现了一处错误,请找出并在横线上改正。1.---Howis yourgrandmother? ---She'sfine,thanks you. ( ) A B C D2. ( )There arefive floorsinthe Buil...” 主要考查您对

零冠词

形容词

实义动词

系动词

动词短语

there be 句型

一般疑问句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 零冠词
  • 形容词
  • 实义动词
  • 系动词
  • 动词短语
  • there be 句型
  • 一般疑问句
零冠词
是指名词前面没有不定冠词(a、an)、定冠词(the),也没有其他限定词的现象。零冠词也是冠词的一种。
例如:
This is my book.
Bread is made from flour.
Let's go and play basketball.
He is head of the factory.
注意:有些名词前用the,或不用the,其意义有所不同。例如:
go to school  上学    
go to the school 到学校去
in future 今后,将来  
in the future 将来  

零冠词的用法
1.表示抽象概括意义时,不可数名词和复数名词使用零冠词,例如:
(/)Books are my best friends.书是我的好朋友。
(/)Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来柔软。
(/)Water boils at 100℃.水在摄氏100度沸腾。
比较:The water in this river is undrinkable.这条河的水不可饮用。

2.专有名词通常使用零冠词,例如:
(/)Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer.鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。
(/)London is the capital of England.伦敦是英国的首都。
(/)China is a developing socialist country.中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家。
(注意:组合国名或缩写国名前加定冠词,如:the United States 美国;the U.K 英国)

3.按照习惯下列各类名词使用零冠词:
1)季节、月份、星期以及节假日(中国传统节日除外,详细请查阅“定冠词”)等名词前,例:
(/)Summer begins in June in this part of the country.这个地区夏天从六月份开始。
We have no classes on(/) Sunday.星期日我们不上课。
There are a lot of (/)people shopping at (/)Christmas.在圣诞节有很多人购买东西。
2)三餐饭菜的名词,例:
have (/)supper 吃晚饭
come to (/)dinner 去吃饭
3)语言、运动、游戏等名词,例:
She speaks (/)Chinese.她说汉语。
He plays (/)football.他踢足球。
Let’s have a game of (/)chess.咱俩下盘棋吧。
4)在某些意义有改变的名词前要使用零冠词,例:
He has gone to (/)school.(to learn)他去上学了。
They were in (/)church just now.(to worship)现在他们在做礼拜。
同样, in hospital是“住院(治疗)”,in prison是“服刑”,等等。
注意:如果在这类名词前加冠词,则表示去那里干与之无关的事,例:
go to the school 可理解为去学校看望人,而不是“学习”。

4.在表示职位、头衔、身份等名词前,例:
(/)Professor Wang 王教授
(/)Doctor Tompson 汤普生医生
(/)President Lincoln 林肯总统
(/)Dean of the English Department 英语系主任

5.泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词(泛指的复数名词非零冠词):
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。

6.当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,例:
by bus,by train;

7.有些个体名词不用冠词,如:
(/)school,(/)college,(/)prison,(/)market,(/)hospital,(/)bed,(/)table,(/)class,(/)town,(/)church,(/)court
等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的不同含义:
go to hospital 去医院看病 ;
go to the hospital去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
in bed 生病卧床 ;
in the bed 在床上
in table 就餐 ;
in the table ables 在桌旁

8.不用冠词的序数词:
a. 序数词前有物主代词
b. 序数词作副词:
He came (/)first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中:
at (/或the) first,first of all,
from first to last
注:三餐饭前带有形容词修饰时,应加冠词:
have a quick breakfast .
当球类指具体事物时,应加冠词:
where is the football ?

9.某些中国乐器前面不加冠词,例如:
play (/)erhu;play (/)dizi ( 弹古筝 play the zither 吹笛子 play the flute)

10.有些物质名词和抽象名词前永远用零冠词,即使有形容词,也用零冠词。常见的有:
(/)weather,(/)progress,(/)fun,(/)advise,(/)news,(/)information,(/)luck,(/)furniture,(/)wealth,(/)honesty 等。
另外,man 表示“人类”和word 表示:“音讯时一般不加冠词,如:
It is well known that (/)man has a very close relationship with (/)environment。众所周知,人类与环境关系非常密切。

11.在表示颜色和语言的名词前用零冠词,例:
She is in(/)red 她穿红色衣服(=She is in a red dress)

12.特殊动词后用零冠词,如:
He turns(/)a father.
(/)Student as he is.
注:为了区分不加冠词和加零冠词的两种情况,本帖特别使用表示零冠词的“(/)”符号表示零冠词。


零冠词使用口诀及注释:
下列情况免冠词,代词限定名词前,
专有名词不可数,科球类三餐饭,
复数名词表泛指,两季星期月份前,
颜色语种和国名,称呼习语和头衔
注释:
1.下列情况免冠词,代词限定名词前,
代词限定词放在名词的前面时,名词不加冠词
例:my book; any book
2.专有名词不可数,科球类三餐饭,
1)不可数名词,专有名词通常不加冠词。
例:Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母
2)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如have breakfast,play chess。
3.复数名词表泛指,两季星期月份前,
例:We go to school from Monday to Friday.  我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
4.颜色语种和国名,称呼习语和头衔
1)颜色语种和国名如 in black; in English; in Canada
2)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。
例:The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。


习惯用零冠词的固定短语: 
一、介词+零冠词+名词
at present
beyond hope of
by chance
by day
by hand
by rule
face to face
from beginning
hand in hand
in battle
in danger of
in defence of
in fact
in fear
in hopes of
in issue
in place of
in spit of
in time
on account of
on business
on earth
on credit
on foot
on hand
out of date
side by side
with credit
二、动词+零冠词+名词
cast anchor
catch fire
change gear
get fun
give battle
give way
lose heart
make way
send word
set sail
三、动词+零冠词+名词+介词
catch sight of
do duty for
find fault with
make use of
set fire to
take hold of
take exception to
take part in
take care of
形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
实意动词:
即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:
及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;
不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?


英汉实意动词用法比较:
与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。

 实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他


系动词
亦称连系动词。作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
系动词的分类:
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

系动词使用的注意事项:
系动词本身有一定的词义,不能单独作
谓语,后面必须与表语连用。复习系动词时,必须注意以下几个问题:

1.be是最重要的系动词,主语不同,be的形式也不同,且有时态的变化。

a通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等,后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式v-ing过去分词表语从句作表语。

b特别要注意be+过去分词所构成的系表结构be+过去分词所构成的被动语态的区别。

c前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态,通常没有由by引导的介词短语。

如:The door was closed.

后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者,表示动作;句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。如:The door was closed by me.

d还要注意be+ V-ing所构成的系表结构be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。

前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态,也可说明主语是什么。如:My job is teaching English.

后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.


2.
要注意由行为动词转化成的系动词。

a表示人体感官的系动词有soundtastelookfeelsmell等,后面接形容词;

b表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有becomegetgoturnrungrowcomefallprove等,后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词,become后面接单数名词时,名词前要用不定冠词turn后面接单数名词时,名词前不用不定冠词

c表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征状态的系动词有continuekeepremainstaystand liereststay等,后面接表示状态的形容词;

d表示判断的系动词有seemappear,后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。


3.
要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。


4.
要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,又可以做实意动词的用法。

系动词部分主要注意:
其后要求接形容词,而不是
副词表语。遇到这种情况,只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者,然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。
taste一词为例:

The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.
(这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。
注意:在这句话里,
taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。)

The chef is tasting the fish carefully.
(厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。
注意:在这句话中,
taste实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语。)


系动词用法点拨:
1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。
一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。
但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途:
一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如:
He is being kind.(一时而不能持久的性质)他装出和蔼可亲的样子。
二是表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如:
I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉)我希望你保持健康。
Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切)你感觉好了些吗?
试比较:
Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。)你的手摸起来冰凉。
不可以说:
Your hand is feeling cold.(×)
但可以说:
The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作)医生正在给她拿脉。
The soup tastes good.(静态性质,无进行时)这汤的味道不错。
The cook is tasting the soup.(动态动作,有进行时)厨师在尝汤的味道。

总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。
我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。
例如smell的用法可见一斑。
①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, could, be able to连用。
The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。
②指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。
The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。
③smell指“含有……气味”,“发出……气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。
The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。

2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。
某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越……”。例如:
He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。
Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。
The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。

3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。
英语中某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态,二者不可混为一谈。例如:
不能说:
The apple is tasted good.
(因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态)
但我们可以说:
The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。
(taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态)
因此,在平时的英语教学和学习之 ,要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分、识别。

4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题
英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如:
①不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years.
应改为:He has been a teacher for 2 years.
②不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago.
应改为:He has been a writer since 3 years ago.
或It is three years since he turned writer.
③不能说:He got angry until his child came back home.
应改为:He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.

5.系动词能接几种表语(从句)
系动词除了接adj. .prep.短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式:
①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:look(看起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),feel(觉得);appear(显得),seem(似乎)。例如:
It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。
She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。
She felt as if her head were splitting.
她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。
The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.
那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。
It seems as if it were spring already.
好像已是春天了。
②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如:
It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。
It appeared that he was talking to himself.
好像他在自言自语。
③能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.
Her job is to look after the children.
她的工作是照料孩子们。
He seems not to look after the children.
他好像不是她的父亲。
She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.
她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。
He didn’t appear to dislike it.
看不出他憎恨此事。
My advice proved to be wrong.
我的建议证明是错误的。
He will grow to like this work gradually.
他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。
④能与there连用的系动词有:be, appear, seem.
There appeared to be only one room.
那儿好像只有一个房间。
There seems(to be)no need to go.
似乎没有必要走。

6.能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem, appear.
举例说明:
It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back.
He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father.
The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.

7.后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构
能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个:第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等);第二个是get,口语中常用。
当二者作系动词用时,它们均表示一种存在状态,而不表示被动动作;当二者作助动词用时,后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。
Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替,但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况:
1)表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。
Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到)
The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。(表突发性)
2)表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。
John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。
They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。
另外,要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。


动词短语:
由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式:
1.动词+副词
①作及物动词,例: 
He brought up his children strictly.   
从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
②作不及物动词,例:    
Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2.动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

3.动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

4.动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

5.动词+名词+介词    
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语:

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒


初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽,走近     
come back回来   
come from来自,源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减  
cut up连根拔除,切碎

5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查                  
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出,熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展,相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回,收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)

10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找,向上看 
look through翻阅,浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱,报复 
pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

19. put
put up张贴,举起,   
put out伸出,扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱           
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面

21. run
run after追逐,追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉,迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起,引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
take down记录,取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
think out(自然)想出办法  
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝               
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食



There be句型:
是一常见的表示“存在”的句型。该结构不表示“存在”意义的现象又广见于书面语及口语,它以否定句的形式出现,用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。
There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词“那里”的含义。
There be 后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构;
1.There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式,一种是将否定副词not放在be 之后,如:
There isn’t a box in the room.房间里没有盒子。
There aren’t any pens on the desk.课桌上没有钢笔。
There hasn’t been any rain for a week.一周没下雨了。
There won’t be a meeting today.今天没有会议。
另一种是在主语前加上不定代词no , 如:
There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。
There are no pictures on the wall.墙上没有图画。
There will be no one at home tomorrow morning.明天上午不会有人在家。
There might be no money left。或许没有剩下什么钱。

2.There be 句型的一般疑问句是将be 放在there 之前,回答时用yes或no,后接简单答语。如:
Is there a cake on the table?桌子上有块蛋糕吗?
Yes,there is. / No,there isn’t.是,有。/ 不,没有。
Will there be a party tonight?今晚有聚会吗?
Yes,there will./ No, there won’t是的,有。/ 不,没有。
Have there been any letters from your mother lately?近日你妈妈有信来吗?
Yes,there have./ No, there haven’t.是,有的。/ 不,没有。

3.There be 句型的特殊疑问句主要有how many和how much做引导词两种情况:
How many students are there in your school?你们学校有多少学生?
How much money is there in your pocket?你口袋里有多少钱?

4.There be 句型的反意疑问句
There is a cup on the table, isn’t there?桌子上有只杯子,是吗?
There is some orange in the glass, isn’t there?杯子里有桔汁,是吗?
There are a lot of letters in the mailbox, aren’t there?邮筒里有很多信件,是吗?
There will be a new hospital nearby, won’t there?附近要建一家新医院,是吗?


There be句型结构:
1、There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的主语在数上一致,即“近主原则”,如:
There is a lamp on the table.
There are some apples in the bowl.
There are five books,two pens and a ruler in the school bag.
There is a ruler,two pens and five books in the school bag.

2、如果主语是复数名词,却表示一笔金额或一个总数或表达一个单个概念时,则仍用单数be形式,如:
There is five hundred dollars to pay.
There is still another 20 miles to drive.
There is duck and green vegetables for supper.

3、There be 中的be 有时可以是lie,stand,used to be,seem to be,appear to be 等,如:
There lies a river to the south.
There lived an old man in the small house.
There stood a temple near the river.
There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill.

4、There is(was)+no +动词ing结构相当于It is(was) impossible to +动词原形,如:
There is no going home. 回家是不可能了。
There is no living with him. 不能和他同住了。
There is no knowing what may happen. 不可能知道会发生什么事。

和have的比较:
1.区别点:there be 意为存在,强调某地有某物,不表示所属关系;have 表示所有关系, 强调某人或某地有某物,这是其基本用法。如:
There are some trees in front of the house.房前有些树。
Tom has many friends in China.汤姆在中国有许多朋友。
2.相同点:在表示结构上的含有时,既可以用there be 句型,也可以用have(has) 来表示。如:
There are many long rivers in China./China has many long rivers.中国有许多长河。
How many days are there in March?/How many days has March?三月份有多少天?

注意:
There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语
(如和将来时be going to will、现在完成时 havehas + pp. 、used to结构等连用,注意其构成形式)。
例如:
There must be a pen in the box.
There happened to be some money in my pocket.
There is going to be a meeting tonight.
There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.
There used to be a church across from the bank.

There be + 主语 + doing +介词短语. 例如:
There is a truck collecting rubish outside.
There is a wallet lying on the ground


There be结构中的be动词的确定:
1. there be 结构中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is,是复数时用are。如:   
   There is a flower in the bottle. 瓶里有一朵花。   
   There is some money in the purse. 钱包里有些钱。   
2. 若句子中有几个并列的主语时,be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:   
   There is a boy, a girl and two women in the house.
   房子里有一个男孩,一个女孩和两个妇女。   
   There are ten students and a teacher in the office.
   办公室里有十个学生和一个教师。   
3. 另外,在陈述句中为了强调地点,也可将介词短语提到句首。如:   
   In the tree there are five birds. 树上有五只鸟。

There be结构时态:
1.There be 句型中动词be可以有一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和完成时。
There is no harm in trying.不妨一试。
There were fabulous wildflowers in the hills last spring.去年春天,山中有极美的野花。
There will be a fine day tomorrow.明天将是一个晴天。
There have been several private schools in our area this year.今年,我们这里已经有好几所私立学校了。

2.There be 句型可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。
There may be a cigarette in that box.那只盒子里或许有支香烟。
There must be some cakes on the table.桌子上一定有些蛋糕。
There used to be a hospital there before the war.战前,那里曾经有家医院。

3.There be 句型也可以和这样一些的谓语动词连用:be going to 、seem to 、appear to 、used to、be likely to 、happen to ….
There seem to be a few trees between me and the green.在我与草坪之间好像有一些树。
There is gong to be a meeting tonight.今天晚上有个会议。
There is likely to be a storm.可能有一场暴雨。
There happened to be a bus nearby.碰巧附近有辆公交车。
There appears to have been a nasty accident.似乎发生了一起严重事故。

4.there be 结构中除可以用be 外,还可以用其它动词。例如:
There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。
Once upon a time there lived a king in China.从前中国有一个国王。
非谓语动词形式:
There be 结构的非谓语动词形式是there to be 和there being 两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。
1. there being 结构起名词的作用,直接位于句首作主语,通常用it 作形式主语,并且用for引导。
There being a bus stop near my house is a great advantage.我家旁边有个公共汽车站,很是方便。
It is impossible for there to be any more.不可能再有了。

2. there be 结构作宾语时,通常用there to be ,常作这样一些词的宾语:
expect,like, mean, intend, want,prefer,hate等。
I expect there to be no argument about this.我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。
I should prefer there to be no discussion of my private affairs.我宁愿不要讨论我的私事。
People don’t want there to be another war.人们不希望再有战争了。
另外,作介词宾语时,如果是介词for,只能用“there to be”其它介词用“there being”
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.老师在等着大家都安静下来。
I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。

3. 作状语的there be 形式,通常用“there being”结构。
There being nothing else to do ,we went home.因为没有其他事可做,我们就回家了。
They closed the door ,there being no customers.因为没有顾客,他们的店关门了。
一般疑问句:
是疑问句的一种。通常用yes,no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义,句末用升调。
其结构是:系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分? 
通常回答为:   
肯定:Yes+主语+提问的助动词   
否定:No+主语+提问的助动词+not 
例如:
Are you from Japan?   Yes, I am./No, I'm not.
Do you live near your school? Yes, I do./No, I don't. 
Can you speak French?  Yes, I can./No, I can't.
一般疑问句的特性:
1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am/ is/ are)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。
如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。如:
I'm in Class 2Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖
We're watching TV. →Are you watching TV﹖
2.陈述句中有情态动词(can、may、must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。如:
He can swim now. →Can he swim now﹖
The children may come with us. → May the children come with us﹖
3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如:
I like these animals. →Do you like these animals﹖
She wants to go to the movies. → Does she want to go to the movies﹖
4.一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)
5.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如:
Are they in town now﹖
I think so.
May I sit here﹖
Certainly.
Does he like soccer﹖
Sorry I don't know.
6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。
陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧:
根据一般疑问句不同的家族,可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。
1、第一家族:含be动词或情态动词的句子
秘诀:一调二改三问号
一调:即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前;
二改:改换主语称谓,即将句中的主语Imy minesweourours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称youyour yours等;
三问号:句末的句号改为问号。如:
Eg. I am an English teacher.    →    Are you an English teacher?
Eg. We can speak English fluently.   →    Can you speak English fluently?

2、第二家族:含行为动词(或称为实义动词)的句子
秘诀:一加二改三问号
一加:即在句首加助动词Do或Does;
二改:1、把谓语动词改为原形;2、改换主语称谓(同第一家组);
三问号:句末的句号改为问号。
Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?
Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?
特别注意:对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原,因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。

3、加强记忆口诀:
肯变一,并不难,can 或be提在前;
谓语若为行为动,do 或does句首用。