形容词：
简称adj.或a，形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏与否，形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生，她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能：
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态，也可以表示某一动作的结果，并常用在表示“认为，看待”的动词如believe，prove，consider等候。例如：
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语，形容词作状语时，可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如：
Enthusiastic，they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人，不管是年轻人还是老人，我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas．那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法：
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事，太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：(错） She sang lovely.　　           （错） He spoke to me very friendly.
　　 （对） Her singing was lovely.　　（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.

形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时，一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如：  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面，音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗？  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如：  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人，无论老少，都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家，无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词，如enough和possible，既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗？   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词，置于名词之前与之后，含义不尽相同。例如：  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长，宽，高，深，及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时，在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词，位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词，疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。

形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词：
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用，表示一类人或事物，这时，它相当于一个名词，可作主语或宾语；
表示一类人时，看作复数，表示一类事物时，通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词，常见的短语有：
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词：
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词，但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ；lively (活着的)；lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型：
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型：
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词：glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力，意志或推测的形容词：ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影

动词不定式：
指由to加上动词原形（而且只能是动词原形）所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语，其形式如下：

时态	主动形式	被动形式
一般式	(not) to do	(not) to be done
完成式	(not) to have done	(not) to have been done
进行式	(not) to be doing
完成进行式	(not) to have been doing

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如：To remember this is very important.
注意：为了避免头重脚轻，在许多情况下，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如：It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如：He seems to be ill.
注意：不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式（尤其是to be），
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形，
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等，如： 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如：I can not afford to buy a car.
注意：
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语，还可用作个别介词（but, except）的宾语。
例如：I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时，通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式，并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如：I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如：Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如：I have a question to ask you.
注意：有的名词（如way, chance, right等）后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如：It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如：I went to France to learn French.

一般过去时:
表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
基本结构：
主语+动词过去式+其他；
否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词；
一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。
一般过去时句法结构：
肯定形式
主语+动词过去式+其他
例句：She often came to help us in those days.
否定形式
①was/were+not；②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词
例句：I didn't know you like coffee
一般疑问句
①Did+主语+do+其他？ ②WasWere+主语+表语?
例句：Did I do that?
用表格整理如下：

肯定式	疑问式	否定式	疑问否定式
Iworked	Did I work?	I did not work	Did I not work?
He(She,It) worked	Did he(she,it) work?	He(she,it) did not work	Did he(she,it) notwork?
We worked	Did we work?	We did not work	Did we not work?
You worked	Did you work?	You did not work	Did you not work?
They worked	Did they work?	They did not work	Did they not work?

记忆口诀：
一般过去时并不难，过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单，didn't 站在动原前，其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单，疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意，动词过去式要牢记！

一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则：

词	构成	举例
一般情况	词尾+ed	动词原形	过去式和过去分词
		look talk	looked talked
以不发音字母e结尾	词尾+d	like arrive	liked arrived
以“辅以字母+y”结尾	变y为i，再加ed	fly study	flied studied
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母	双写词尾+ed	stop plan	stopped planned

结构句型:
1．一般句子
I watched TV last night.
2．一般疑问句
Did you watch TV last night？
3．there be 句型
There was an apple on the table last night.
Was there an apple on the table last night
一般过去时注意事项：
1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
如果主句用了过去时，从句中一般也要用过去式，或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如：
He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

2.在口语中， 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去，而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如：
I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗？

3.used to
used to 是一个词组，表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如：
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)
一般过去式用法：
（1）一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生，也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去的事情。
句式：主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨，我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。

（2） 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如：
yesterday,last week ,in  the  past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
（句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时，取决于动作是否对现在有影响）。
Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？（你现在不饿吗？）
Yes,I have. 是的，我已经吃过了。（已经吃饱了，不想再吃了。）
When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的？（关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。）
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。）
Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
I ate it at 6：45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

（3）带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时。如：
yesterday（昨天）、two days ago…（两天前…… ）、last year…（去年…）、the other day（前几天）、
once upon a time（很久以前）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前…）、
When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时…）、at+一个时间点
Did you have a party the other day？前几天，你们开了晚会了吗？
Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
注：在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。

（4）表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时。这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿，看看船长，然后就去世了。

（5）表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always，never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
（只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。）
比较：
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
（说明这是她的习惯，表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞）
Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
（表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦）
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
（不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒）

（6）如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do（过去常常做，而现在不那样做了）
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
（意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了）
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
（意味着现在不在早晨散步了）
比较：
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
（只是说明过去这一动作）

（7）有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时。
I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
（因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.）
I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
（这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病）
一般过去时三变技巧:
一变：肯定句变为否定句
技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could，would，should等时，可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如：
I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
技巧2.当句中含有系动词was，were 时，可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如：
I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时，在该动词之前加did not / didn't，动词还原，构成否定句。例如：
The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

二变：陈述句变为一般疑问句
技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was，were, could，would，should等移到句首。例如：
He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时，在主语之前加did，动词还原。例如：
Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

三变：陈述句变为特殊疑问句
技巧1.确定疑问词：人who / whom，物what，地点where，时间when / what time，原因why，频率how often，长度how long，距离how far等等。例如：
They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
技巧2.辨认结构形式：疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如：
The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?

过去将来时：
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。

过去将来时表达法：
1. would+动词原形
  例如：When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you.
2. was/were going to+动词原形
  例如：He told ustaht he was going to attend the meeting.
3. was/were to+动词原形
  例如：Li Lei was to arrive soon.
4. was/were about to+动词原形
  例如：We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
5. was/were+现在分词
  例如：He was leaving the next day.

句型结构：
肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形～.
否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形～.
疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形～？

肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形～.
否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形～.
疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形～？
过去将来时的构成和一般将来时一样，只不过把助动词be变为过去式，把will，shall变为过去式。
例句：I didn''t know if he would come. =I didn''t know if he was going to come. 我不知道他是否会来。

过去将来时具体用法：
一、would+不定式
1.用“would+不定式”表示过去将来时间通常带有表示过去将来的时间状语，而且多见于从属分句。
He said he would come back the next day.
2.如果要表示在过去将来某一时间正在进行得动作，可用“would+不定式进行体”。
例如：He never imagined that some day he would be living away from his motherland.
这种“would+不定式进行体”结构也可能仅仅表示一般过去过去将来时间，如同“will/shall+不定式进行体”表示一般将来时间一样。、
例如：He told me that Mary would be coming the next day.
如果要表示在过去将来某时以前业已发生得事态，可用“would+不定式完成体”。
例如：The delegation would have arrived by four o'clock that afternoon.
如果要表示从过去某时开始一直延续到过去将来某时得动作或事态，可用“would+不定式完成进行体”。
例如： She said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years

二、was/were going to +不定式
用做表示过去将来，也通常带有表示过去将来时间得状语。
例如： He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
用做表示的动作或事态，也可以是没有实现的意图。
例如：Last  Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained .

三、was/were to +不定式
用做表示过去将来，通常指按过去的计划安排将在某个过去将来时间发生得事态。
例如：They  were not to get away with it if they continued to violate the law.
用作表示过去将来的安排，如果这个安排后来被取消了，没有实现，则用“was/were to +不定式完成体”表示，并可与表示现在、过去或将来得时间状语连用。 此外，其也可用作于表示以后不可避免得要发生得事件。
例如：They said goodbye,little knowing they were never to meet again.

四、was/were about to +不定式
用半助动词be about to 的过去时形式也可使其表示过去将来。这种结构通常指最近的过去将来事态，而且在一定语境中通常指未曾实现的意图：
例如：We were about to start when it began to rain .

五、某些动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时
come,go,leave,arrive,start等严格按照时间表发生的表起止的动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。
例1：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车第二天早晨出发。
例2：She told me she was coming to see me.她告诉我她要来看我。

六、特定场合的一般过去时可表示过去将来时
条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
例1：I didn't know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know.我不知道她什么时候来，但她来了我会告诉你。
析：第一个when引导宾语从句，可使用将来时，第二个when引导时间状语从句，只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
例2：I didn't know if she would come,but if she came I would let you know.我不知道她是否来，但如果她来我会告诉你。
析：第一个if引导宾语从句，可使用将来时，第二个if引导条件状语从句，只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

虚拟语气:
用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
初中阶段主要学习在条件句中的虚拟语气。
条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。

时间	条件从句	主句	例句
与现在事实相反	If+主语+过去式（系 动词be多用were）	would 主语+should+V原  could	见①②句
与过去事实相反	If+主语+had+过去分词	Would 主语+should+have+过     去分词  could	见③④句
与将来事实相反	过去式     If+主语+ should+V原  were to+V原	would 主语+should+V原   could	见⑤⑥句

例句：
① If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
② If I won a million dollars, I would give it to charities.
③ If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
④ If I had known that earlier, I wouldn’t have done it. 
⑤ If he should go to Tsinghua University, he would make full use of his time.
⑥ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.

虚拟语气误区:
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；
2.省略if时，句子调整不正确；
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；
4.陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。

省略虚拟条件:
1.省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首：
Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。
Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要，我会去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
【注】
① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：
Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)

2.省略主语和动词be
若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：
If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)

3.省略“it+be”
If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
如果需要的话，我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)

4.省略条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：
I might see her personally. It would be better.
我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)

含蓄条件句中
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是otherwise）
Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
（暗含条件是介词短语without your help）
But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件是but for your help）
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
（暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）
(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：
I would not have done it that way.
我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you）
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.）
You might come to join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to）
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had the money）
But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for the storm）。

条件状语从句用法及动词形式:
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：
从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)
主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg：　
1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）
5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）
6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）　
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If 主语+had+done
主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done
eg：
1．If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）
2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
主句：主语+should+do　
从句：
①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were
eg：
1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小）
3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小）
4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
eg：
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：
If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：
Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
Were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…等　　
eg：
But for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
7、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。

虚拟语气的其他用法:
1、一想要( desire )
一宁愿( prefer )
一坚持( insist )
二命令( order , command )
三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend)
四要求( demand , require , request , ask)中，
无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用："should + do"。should可以省略。
eg：
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist 意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点，某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。eg：
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
eg：
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2、表情绪、观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气。如：
necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。
句型：It is.......that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或 只用动词原型。
eg:
Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
注：这一点还没有准确的说法，希望善心人能把这点补充完全。
3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现在相反的情况；
从句用过去完成时，表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
eg：
Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）
4、 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：指现在或将来：may +do。
eg：
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。
指过去：may +have done 。
eg：
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。
5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
过去 had + done　
现在 过去时(be 用were )
将来 过去时(be 用were ) （would rather 将来情况用一般过去时）
eg：
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
注：注意would rather，had rather，would sooner的细微差别，可以百度一下查查。
6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：
It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do（优先使用动词过去式） ，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
7、 简单句中的虚拟语气
（1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should +do。
eg：
Would you mind me shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗？
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）
（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may + 主语+ do。
eg：
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用do。
eg：God bless us. 上帝保佑。
（4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。eg：
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗？
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg：
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议。eg：
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。eg：
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词 + have done。
eg：
You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。