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初中二年级英语

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  • 单选题
    Nobody told us _____
    A.what to do it B.how to do C.where to do D.when to do it

    本题信息:英语单选题难度一般 来源:未知
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本试题 “Nobody told us _____A.what to do itB.how to doC.where to doD.when to do it” 主要考查您对

同位语从句

主语从句

表语从句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 同位语从句
  • 主语从句
  • 表语从句
同位语从句:
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。
同位语从句是名词性从句中的主要从句之一,从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系是同位关系,即主表关系。
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。 

同位语:
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。
同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
1.名词作同位语
Mr Wang,my child’s teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.
王先生,我孩子的老师,星期二要来看我们。
(在这里'my child's teacher'做同位语修饰'Mr Wang')
2.短语作同位语
I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.
我,作为家里最大的女孩,总是要照料家中的其他孩子。
直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds,“Did she die young because she was a clone?”
但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题:“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗?”
3.句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.
巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖,让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。

同位语从句的引导词:
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,whether,连接代词和连接副词等。
1. 由that引导
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick.
他们为你生病发愁。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
明天放假的消息不实。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.
我得出结论这样做是不明智的。
The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.
那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。
He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.
他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如:
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
他们面对废除这个税的要求。
They expressed the wish that she accept the award.
他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.
有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.
采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。
I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.
我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如:
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.
他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。

2. 由whether引导
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。
Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的问题:你来不来。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句,但if不能引导同位语从句。

3. 由连接代词引导
Have you any idea what time it starts?
你知道什么时候开始吗?
From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After that I went back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was.
从1985年到1990年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。

4. 由连接副词引导
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。
He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。
You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多着急!


同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
1.意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;
而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来:
We are glad at the news that he will come.
听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。
(news的内容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us.
听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。
(that从句是限制the news的内容的,即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news,故that从句为定语从句)

2. 引导词的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句,但不引导定语从句。

3. 引导词的功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时,它不充当句子成分,而引导定语从句时,它作为关系代词,要么充当定语从句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语。
如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。

4. 被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限,通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。
另外,when和where 引导定语从句时,通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词,而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定;
又如why引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则不一定:
I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)
We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题,为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句 )
The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能来开会,原因是他生病了。(定语从句)

同位语从句的用法:
同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较"固定"
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:
news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,
words(消息),possibility等(一般的“抽象”名词都可用)。
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。

三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有
连词:that,whether,
连接代词:what,who,
连接副词:how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

关于分离同位语从句
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如:
The story goes that he beats his wife. 传说他打老婆。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 谣传这里要盖一所新学校。
Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town. 有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。
The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village. 不久命令下来,所有居民都必须撤出村子。

间隔同位语从句
同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后,但有些情况下,由于句子结构的原因,同位语从句不紧跟在名词后,而被其他的词隔开。
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday
简析:由于that从句太长,为避免句子失去平衡,此处用了间隔同位语从句

suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。
She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。
简析:suggestion,order,request,proposal,requirement,command,advice,proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时,从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式,其中should一词可省略。


主语从句:
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句,即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。 主语从句的时态:不受主句的时态影响和限制。 
例如:
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised  us all. 
What we need is time. 
It is certain that he will win the match. 
(1) 引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等    
(2) 连词位于句首不能省略    
(3) 主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数

主语从句引导词:
1、由连词that引导的主语从句。
例如:That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
That you are so indifferent bothers me.
你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
2、用连接代词或连接副词if, whether 引导的主语从句。
例如: Which of them escaped from the prison is still a mystery.
他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的,仍然是个谜。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
他们什么时候来还不知道。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
她来不来都无关紧要。
3、用关系代词引导的主语从句。
例如:What you need is more practice.
你所需要的是更多的训练。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
4、主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上,也可以用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末(尤其是当谓语较短时)。
例如:That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
光沿直线传播,这是众所周知的事。
=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
众所周知光沿直线传播。
When the plane is to take off has not been announced .
飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
= It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
还没有宣布飞机何时起飞。
当what引导的主语从句表示“…的东西”时,一般不用it作形式主语。
错:It is a book what he wants.
对:What he wants is a book. 他想要的是本书。
如果带主语从句的句子是疑问式,则必须用it作形式主语的结构。
例如:Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task ?
谁将被派去执行这项任务决定了吗 ?
主语从句与宾语从句区别:
主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的,下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。
一.主语从句
主语从句 定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
①主语从句常用it作形式主语,一般常用句型为:It is+{名词/形容词/过去分词}+主语从句例如:
It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
另外,还有一些比较多见的结构:
It turned out that……;
It has been proved that……;
It happened/occurred that……;
It is well-known that……等等
②而强调句则不同,它的结构是:It+be+被强调部分+that+从句
强调主语:It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄
强调宾语:It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us.
强调状语:It was in shanghai that I saw the film.
判断是否是强调句有一个方法,就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看,看有没有缺成分,缺的是什么成分,再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分,带到你认为缺成分的地方,如果放进去是一句完整的句子了,那就说明是强调句。

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is +名词+that从句
It is a fact that … 事实是……
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is +形容词+that从句
It is natural that… 很自然……
It is strange that… 奇怪的是……
(3) it +不及物动词+that从句
It seems that… 似乎……
It happened that… 碰巧……
(4) it is+过去分词+that从句
It is reported that… 据报道……
It has been proved that… 已证实……

3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:
What you said yesterday is right.

宾语从句用以区分主语从句的几个特征:
1、引导词:whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere

2、语序:宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。
如:I think that you must work harder.
宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。
(1)表达时间的几个句型:一般用when或者是what time:
What time will the train leave?
由于时刻都是固定的,也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时:
What time does the train leave?
(2)时间的表达方式:8:19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight),在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes)
(3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求,建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式,因为语气太重:
You had better give up smoking .
(4)sb leave sth +地点
I left my book in my classroom yesterday.
(5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等,不要习惯以前的问法,这样很不礼貌,而是要采访上面的问法。
以前的习惯是:how old are you? what's your name?
(6)修饰名词的代词次序:限-描-大-形---年---颜----籍----物--------类+名词:
this is a bridge.
This is a beautiful bridge
补充:从句的语序永远是陈述句。
主语从句结构:
1、It is +名词+从句
It is a fact that… 事实是……
It is good news that … ……是好消息
It is a question that … ……是个问题
It is common knowledge that … ……是常识
类似的名词还有:a pity;a wonder;a good thing; no wonder; surprise等。
例如:It is a mystery to me how it all happened.
这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。
It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.
鲍勃会赢得这场比赛,这不足为奇。

2、It is +形容词+从句
It is necessary that … 有必要……
It is clear that … 很清楚……
It is likely that … 很可能……
It is important that … 重要的是……
类似的形容词还有:
strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.
例如:It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.
很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。
It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.
她是否能来令人怀疑。
It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .
他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。
It is essential that he should be here by the weekend .
周末之前,他应该到这里是必要的。
It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.
很明显我们不能这样下去了。

3、It is +过去分词+从句
It is said that … 据说……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It has been proved that … 已证明……
It must be proved that… 必须指出……
类似的过去分词还有:known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.
例如:It is thought that he is the best player.
大家都认为他是最好的选手。
It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有2000年的历史。
It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars.
过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。
It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.
还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。

4、It +不及物动词+从句
It seems that … 好像是……
It happened that… 碰巧……
It follows that … 由此可见……
It has turned out that … 结果是……
类似的不及物动词还有:seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.
例如:It turned out that nobody remembered the address.
结果是无人记得那个地址。
It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.
看起来他们急需帮助。
It does not matter if I missed my train, because there is another later.
没有赶上这趟火车没有关系,稍晚还有一趟。
It happened that I saw him yesterday.
碰巧我昨天看见他了。
当“及物动词 + 宾语”较短时,也可用这种结构。
例如:It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.
让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。
It does not interest me whether you go or not.
我对你去不去不感兴趣。
It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。
例如:It doesn’t make too much difference (It doesn’t make any difference / It doesn’t alter the situation),whether it rains or not .
下不下雨都没有多大关系。
It does not make any difference whether it rains or not .
下不下雨没什么分别。
It does not make the least difference to me what you do.
对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。
Is it of much consequence to you that Mr. Wang has failed to do it ? 王先生没有做成这件事对你有什么重要影响吗?
表语从句:
就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。
表语从句是名词性从句的一种。
表语从句的基本结构是:
“主语+连系动词+关联词+表语从句”。
连接表语从句的连接词有:
that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever,whomever,whichever ,whatever等。
例如:The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 
            His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
①语序:
从句的语序必须是陈述句语序,即“主语+谓语”这种形式。
②时态:
当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候,从句可以是任何时态,而当主句是一般过去时的时候,从句,从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态,即(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时)。
③连接词:
当从句意思完整,主句意思肯定时,连接词用that,且可以省去,当从句意思完整,主句意思不确定或含否定含意时,常用if或whether(是否),当从句意思不完整时,连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。
表语从句种类:
根据关联词来区分,表语从句可以分为六种:
一、由that引导的表语从句
The trouble is that he misunderstood me.麻烦的是他误解了我。
有时,引导表语从句的连词that可以省略
The truth is (that) I didn’t finish my term essay. 事实是我没有写完学期论文。

二、由连接代(副)词引导的表语从句
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever;
连接副词where, when, how, why。
That was what she said this morning in her bedroom.那就是她今天早晨在卧室中说的。

三、由关系代词型的what引导的从句
I want to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be.
我想当老师,那是我的志愿。

四、关联词是连词because
比较下面这两个句子:
I was angry. That was because he didn’t understand me.
我生气是因为他不理解我。(表语从句强调原因)
That’s why he got fired from that firm.那正是他被公司解雇的原因。(表语从句强调结果)
注意:reason作主语或主语中包含事件的起因时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that来引导,而不用because
That is why ...是常用句型,其中why引导的从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说过的原因进行总结。
1. That is the reason why ...That is the reason why ...与That is why ...是同义的,
但是从语法结构上讲,That is the reason why ...中的why引导的是一个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉后则与That is why ...结构一样了
2. That is because ...That is because ...也是一个常用句型。
That is because ...句型中,连词because引导的从句作表语,
That is because ...与That is why ...之间的不同在于That is because ...指原因或理由,
That is why ...则指由于各种原因造成的结果
He did not read Harry Potter last night. That is because he had to help his mother to do the housework.
昨天晚上他没有读《哈里波特》,那是因为他得帮助他妈妈做家务。

五、关联词是从属连词whether, as, as if
The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数民众的支持。

六. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示,should可省略。
常见的词有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

表语从句中需要注意的地方:
1. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序;
2. 不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外);
3. 与宾语从句不同,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
4. 连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。如:
What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。
5. 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,
表语从句须用虚拟语气,即:should +do。如:
My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。


表语从句语法提示:
应注意的问题:
1. 连系动词be,appear,seem,look等之后可以跟表语从句。
It was because he didn't pass the exam.那是因为他没有通过考试。

2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。
1)wh-疑问词
My question is who left.我想问的是谁离开了。
2)whether
My question is whether he left(or not)。 我的问题是他是否离开了。
注:if不能引导表语从句。
3)that
The fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。
注:引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。
The truth is(that)I didn't go there. 事实是我没去那儿。
4)because,as,as if,as though
It's just because he doesn't know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。

3.表语从句要用陈述语序
That is where the famous scientist was born.

4.that和what在引导表语从句时,作用和意义都不相同。
That本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分;what则表示“所……的(人或事)”,在表语从句中充当主语或宾语等。
That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.

5.If 与whether均意为“是否”,但引导表语从句时,只能用whether, 不能用if。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.

6.As, if, though引导的表语从句时,从句谓语多用虚拟语气。
这是因为从句中的情况与事实不相符。具体来说,如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式;
如果从句表示与过去事实相反时,谓语动词要用“had +过去分词”,如果从句表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might ,could )+动词原形,如:
Li Lei is now in a new jacket he looks as if he were an American boy.
但是,如果as if ,as though 引导的表语从句所表示的与事实相符,从句则用陈述语气,如:
The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.