本试题 “根据括号内的要求改写句子,每空一词。1. Jack didwellin maths. (对画线部分提问)________ ________ Jack ________ in maths?2. Do these students often si...” 主要考查您对名词
疑问代词
形容词
疑问副词
副词
实义动词
被动语态
不定式
动名词
介词
状语从句
固定搭配
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
名词分类:
一、按意义分类
1.专有名词
表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写)。
例:China(中国)、Asia(亚洲) Beijing(北京)、the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。
如:the Great Wall(长城)。
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)。
如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2.普通名词
表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如:teacher 老师、tea 茶、 reform 改革。
普通名词又可进一步分为五类:
①个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。
(car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇photo 照片)
②集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
( people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 )
③复合名词:两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词
(boy-friend男友 passer-by过路人 brother-in-law内兄)
④物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
( fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶 )
⑤抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
( labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 )
二、按是否可数分类
名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)
1、不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;
它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词
2、可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式。
名词易混点举例:
一.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:
work(工作) ——a work (著作);
glass(玻璃)——a glass (玻璃杯);
aper(纸) ——a paper(报纸;文件;试卷)
tea(茶) ——a tea (一种茶)(表示种类);
wood(木头) ——a wood (小树林);
room(空间) ——a room (房间)
二.容易混淆的名词
1.work/job
① work是不可数名词,有体力或脑力劳动的意思,又有作为职业概念的“工作”的意思。
② job作为“工作”解,其实有两层含义:一个是“干活”的“活”或“零工”;一个作为职业的“事”,是可数名词。
job意思是a piece of work,指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作,实际含义是“职业”,
而work通常指抽象意义上的工作,是不可数名词,也可指“工作场所”。如:
I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
2. wish / hope
① wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb. to do sth.),而hope不可以这样用。例如:
I wish you to be happy.我希望你快乐。
② hope和wish都可以跟从句。hope之后的从句的谓语动词用一般将来时或一般现在时,所表达的愿望可以实现;
wish之后的从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气(以后学),表达的愿望无法实现。例如:
I hope you like the flowers.我希望你喜欢这些花。
I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只小鸟。(虚拟语气)
③hope和wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope/wish to do sth.)。wish比较正式,口气比较强烈;
而用hope所表达的愿望容易实现。例如:
I hope (wish) to go to college.我希望上大学。
④wish可接双宾语表示“祝愿、祝福”等,但hope却没有这种用法。例如:
I wish you success.我祝愿你成功。
3.silly/stupid/foolish
三个词都含有“蠢”的意思,但略有不同。
stupid所表达的程度最强,指智力、理解力和学习能力差;
silly指头脑简单、傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有一定的感情色彩;
foolish是普通用语,尤其是在口语中广泛使用。如:
He is stupid in learning math.
他学数学很笨。
Stop asking such silly questions.
别再问这样傻的问题了。
You are foolish to throw away such a good chance.
你真蠢,丢掉这么好的一个机会。
4.instead/instead of
instead/instead of
instead是副词,一般放在句首或句末。
而instead of 是介词短语,表示“代替”时, 含有“对比”的意思,其后常跟名词、代词或v-ing形式。如:
Jack didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.
杰克没有学法律,而是决定作一名演员。
If you can’t go to the meeting, I can go instead.
如果你不去开会, 我可以(代替你)去。
Could I have tuna instead of ham?
我能否要金枪鱼而不是火腿?
Miss Wang is ill. I’ll teach you instead of her.
王老师病了,我代替她给你们上课。
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
我们走着下楼梯而没有乘电梯。
5.frightened/afraid/terrible
frightened/afraid/terrible
① frightened是由过去分词转化的形容词,常指突如其来的震惊,可用very修饰,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。
②afraid只能做表语,多用于习惯经常地“惧怕”某事物, 泛指一种“恐惧心理”;
后接名词、代词、动名词等时,用介词of;接动词时,用带to的不定式;接从句用连词that (可省略)。
③ terrible指极端的恐怖,令人痛苦或不知所措。
6.learn/study
learn/study
二者都作“学、学习”讲,有时可以互换。如:
When did you begin to study/learn English?
你是什么时候开始学习英语的?
study侧重学习的过程;而learn侧重学习的结果,常译作“学到、学会”。 如:
He studied hard and at last learned the language.
他努力学习,终于学会了这门语言。
study用于较高深或周密的研究;
而learn多用于初级阶段的学习或带有模仿性的操作技艺等。如:
He is studying the math problem.
他正在研究这个数学问题。
He learns English on the radio.
他通过广播学英语。
The baby is learning to speak.
这个婴儿正在学说话。
7.there be/have/own
there be/have/own
①there be表示某处(或某时)"有"(某人或某物),表示客观存在之“有”。
②have是常用词,表示所属关系,是“所有”之“有”。
③ own指合法地拥有某物,强调具有法律上的所有权。
8.answer/reply
answer/reply
这两个词都可作“回答”讲,但用法有所区别。
reply为正式用语,多指经过考虑的、有针对性的、详细的回答,常用作不及物动词,和介词to连用,其宾语为名词或代词,这时可以与answer互换;
answer既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,常指口头或书面的回答,是一般用语。如:
The old man smiled before he replied to my question.
老人在回答我的问题前笑了笑。
I cannot answer you now. 我现在不能回答你。
How shall I answer? 我该怎样回答?
值得注意的是,answer可引申为“应答”之类的意义,这时不能用reply来代替。如:
answer the door (门铃响了)去开门
answer the telephone 接电话
英语名词特殊用法:
1.family指“家庭”时,强调全体;指“家里人”时强调个体,与住房无关
home指“家”,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩
Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词,意思是“在家”
house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.
2.man总称“人”、“人类”,用单数
people泛指“人们”,表示复数概念:People often work in the day.
指“人”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family.
前面加定冠词指“人民”,表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people.
指“民族”时,有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people.
person强调“人”的个体,有单、复数之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police总称“警察”,表示复数概念:
policeman强调“警察”的个体,有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指“宇宙万物”,强调物质概念:
When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and many other stars.
space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”,强调空间概念:
Many countries have sent up the satellites into space.
“空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.
5.不同国家的人的单复数:
名称 |
总称(谓语用复数) |
一个人 |
两个人 |
中国人 |
the Chinese |
a Chinese |
two Chinese |
瑞士人 |
the Swiss |
a Swiss |
two Swiss |
澳大利亚人 |
the Australians |
an Australian |
two Australians |
俄国人 |
the Russians |
a Russian |
two Russians |
意大利人 |
the Italians |
an Italian |
two Italians |
希腊人 |
the Greek |
a Greek |
two Greeks |
法国人 |
the French |
a Frenchman |
two Frenchmen |
印度人 |
the Indians |
an Indian |
two Indians |
加拿大人 |
the Canadians |
a Canadian |
two Canadians |
德国人 |
the Germans |
a German |
two Germans |
英国人 |
the English |
an Englishman |
two Englishmen |
瑞典人 |
the Swedish |
a Swede |
two Swedes |
日本人 |
the Japanese |
a Japanese |
two Japanese |
美国人 |
the Americans |
a American |
two Americans |
疑问代词:
疑问代词在句中起名词的作用,用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有:
what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有词性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。
what, which, whose还可作限定词。
Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
疑问代词说明:
一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
二、Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)
四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能”
He is too young to go to school.
=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
He is old enough to join the army.
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
what/who/where/when/when else
something/anything/nothing…else
What else did you do?
Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
疑问副词的用法:
1.疑问副词是问何时、何地、如何、因何的副词,主要有when, where, how, why。
2.疑问副词用在句首。
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美国待多久了?
3.疑问副词在句中引导名词子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。
4.疑问副词后接不定词构成的名词片语,在句中可以作主词、受词或主词补语。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解决这个问题使他伤透脑筋。
(How to solve the problem作主词。)
I don't know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答这个问题。
(how to answer the question作受词。)
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
这个病人急需这种药,但问题是哪里能找到。
(where to get it作主词补语。)
5.疑问副词引导的名词子句可作主词、受词或主词补语。
When we are to start the competition hasn't fixed yet.
我们什么时候开始比赛还没有定下来。
(When we are to start the competition作主词。)
She asked her husband where he had been.
她问她丈夫去哪里了。
(where he had been 作受词。)
The question is when we can finish our work.
问题是我们何时能完成我们的工作。
(when we can finish our work作主词补语。)
副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
1)表示发生时间的副词:
It’s beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了!
2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind. 她常改变主意。
3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词:
1)有不少表示地点的副词:
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
①用作介词:Stand up! 起立!
②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。
3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词:
It’s the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。
副词的语法作用:
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
He works hard. (作状语)
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. (作状语)
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? (作表语)
她在家吗?
Let's be out. (作表语)
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!(作补语)
让他出去!
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
不同类型副词的用法比较:
方式副词:
1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。
2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。
3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。
程度副词和强调副词 :
1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”: Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗?
[说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单 quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了 do it very quickly 干得很快
2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
a. 修饰形容词等:
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
b. 修饰比较级:
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。
疑问副词和连接副词:
1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)
一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。
实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他
时态 |
被动语态 |
一般现在时 |
am/is/are+过去分词 |
一般过去时 |
was/were+过去分词 |
现在进行时 |
am/is/are being+过去分词 |
过去进行时 |
was/were being+过去分词 |
一般将来时 |
will be+过去分词 |
过去将来时 |
would be+过去分词 |
现在完成时 |
have/has been+过去分词 |
过去完成时 |
had been+过去分词 |
情态动词 |
情态动词be+过去分词 |
时态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
一般式 | (not) to do | (not) to be done |
完成式 | (not) to have done | (not) to have been done |
进行式 | (not) to be doing | |
完成进行式 | (not) to have been doing |
动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)
动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词
动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)
No parking. (禁止停车)
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
2.作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?
3.作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
时态、语态 | 主动 | 被动 |
一般式 | writing | being written |
完成式 having written |
having been written |
介词at, in, on的区别:
1. 表示时间,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如:
I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。
He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。
(2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如:
We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。
He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。
(3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如:
He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。
2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法:
(1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如:
We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。
The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。
与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如:
at my sister’s 在我姐姐家 at the doctor’s 在医务室
(2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如:
What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么?
He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。
但有时两者可换用。如:
The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。
(3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如:
in Shanghai 在上海 at the station 在车站
但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如:
Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。
We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。
(4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如:
What’s on the table? 桌上有什么?
There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。
注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如:
He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。
3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关:
in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关:
in bed / on the bed 在床上
in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上
介词besides,but,except的用法区别:
1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;
而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
2. 关于 but 与 except:
(1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:
but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。
All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
(2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每个人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me, everyone is tired.
3. 关于 except 与 except for:
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
4. 关于 except for 与 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:
I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。
介词的用法口诀:
早、午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in。。。以后,小处at大处in。
有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,
收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、着论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。
特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类knowtoman。
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下,above、below则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。‘
beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。
besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。
同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
原状becauseof,、owingto、dueto表语形容词
under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分。
before、after表一点,ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since以来during间,since时态多变换。
与之相比beside,除了lastbutone。
复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
butfor否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在。。。。。。方面,有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。
状语从句用法:
时间状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
①.when引导的时间状语从句,其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作的动词,而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如:
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)
when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking.
当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前)
② when还可表示just then(正在那时,突然)的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如:
we were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.
比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
(2) as引导的时间状语从句
as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的,而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生:
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.
她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes.
寒流一过,星期日就会有点暖意了。
(3) while引导的时间状语从句
while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”,其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的,并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如:
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.
当老师用英语解释课文时,学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work.
我可以边工作边学习。
(4) before引导的时间状语从句
① before“在……之前”
I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在我的导师出国之前,我已完成了我的学位论文。
I’ll be back before you have left.
你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“……之后才”
It may be many years before we meet again.
可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back.
他三天后才回来。
(5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词,其他连词还有once,directly,immediately,instantly,the instant (that),the minute(that) ,the moment(that)等,它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如:
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们一到家,电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
老师一进来,大家就静了下来。
(6) hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句
关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”,它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如:
He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
(7) since引导的时间状语从句
在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时:
We’ve never met since we graduated from the college.
大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走了以后,这里发生了巨大变化。
(8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义,作“直到……时(为止)”解,till多用于非正式文体,until多用于句首。如:
Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework.
等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
(9) whenever/each time/every time引导的时间状语从句
whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当;每次”解,each time和every time与whenever同义,通常可以与它换用。如:
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。
Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together,heat is produced.
某些化学物质被混到一起时,就会产生热。
Whenever/ Every time/ Each time I met her, she was studying.
我每次看见她时,她总是在学习。
状语从句 - 地点状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
从属连词where“在(或到)……的地方”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.
把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。如:
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如:
Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。
Avoid structure of this kind where possible.
只要可能,就要避免这种结构。
(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句
从属连词wherever“在(或到)……的各个地方”:
You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.
专家每到一处, 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
状语从句 - 原因状语从句
(1) because引导的原因状语从句
because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由,着重点在从句,其所引导的从句,为全句句意的中心所在。
通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,除特别强调外,该从句一般位于主句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it.
我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
(2) as引导的原因状语从句
as引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和since换用。如:
As I didn’t know the way,I asked a policeman.
我不认识路,因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。
(3) since引导的原因状语从句
since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和as换用。如:
Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.
既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ,I’ll ask someone else.
你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。
(4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句
now(that)“因为;既然”,通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去,用来表示一种新的情况,再加以推论。如:
Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格,就可以独自开车了。
I do remember,now (that) you mention it.
你这一提,我倒的确想起来了。
(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句
Seeing (that)“鉴于;由于”,通常用于非正式文体。如:
Seeing (that) the weather is bad,we’ll stay at home.
天气不好,我们还是呆在家里吧。
Seeing that he’ s ill,he’s unlikely to come.
(6) in that引导的原因状语从句
in that“因为;基于……的理由”,可以和because换用,多用于正式文体,它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如:
Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
广告不同于其他交际形式,因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.
我的处境有点难堪,因为他要十号才来。
状语从句 - 目的状语从句
(1) in order that引导的目的状语从句
in order that“为了;以便”。多用于正式文体,通常可以与so that换用。如:
You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
专家讲得很慢,以便人人听得懂。
(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句
so that“为了;以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用,它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后,在非正式文体中,常省略that。如:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.
她要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
(3) in case/for fear (that)/lest等引导的目的状语从句
in case,for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的,意思是“以免”,“以防”。
in case多用于英国英语,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式,也可以是虚拟语气形式;
for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may,might,should等情态动词;
lest用于正式文体,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如:
Take your umbrella with you,lest it should rain.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.
他带了一把伞,以防下雨。
状语从句 - 结果状语从句
(1) so that引导的结果状语从句
① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后,中间可以有逗号。如:
Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
突然下起了大雨,几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.
琳达到达后给我打了电话,因而我知道她平安无事。
②“so that”既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。
究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目的状语从句,除了根据句意来判断外,还可根据结构形式来加以判断。
若从句前有逗号,一般为结果状语从句,如果从句中有情态动词,通常则为目的状语从句。如:
They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train.
他们早早就出发了,所以没误火车。(结果状语从句)
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.
他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句)
(2) so...that引导的结果状语从句
so...that“如此……以致”,that在非正式文体中可以省略,so后面接形容词或副词。如:
She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.
现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(3) such...that引导的结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容是:such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。
其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数,也可以是不可数名词。
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如:
The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快,不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed.
(=The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)
教授讲了个很有趣的故事,(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
(4) such that引导的结果状语从句
such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体,主句为“主—系—表”句型。如:
The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows.
爆炸的力量很大,所有的窗户都被炸掉了。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他气得不能克制自己的感情。
状语从句 - 条件状语从句
(1) if引导的条件状语从句
if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如:
If he said that,he can’t be telling the truth.
如果他说了那样的话,他不可能是说实话。
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句
unless引导的是否定条件状语从句,在意义上相当于if...not,而且语气较强,一般不用于虚拟语气。如:
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
你会迟到的,如果不赶快的话。
(3) if only引导的条件状语从句
if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要;如果”。如:
I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.
只要你把车保养好,我就让你用。
(4) as/so long as引导的条件状语从句
as/so long as意为“只要;如果”。如:
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
只要不下雨我们就能玩。
(5) provided (that)/providing (that)引导的条件状语从句
provided (that)/providing (that)意为“如果;只要”。如:
I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.)
假如为我负担费用,我就同意去。
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret.
状语从句 - 让步状语从句
(1) although/though引导的让步状语从句
although和though,都作“虽然;尽管”解,通常可以换用,although的语气较重。
如果要强调“但是”语气,可使用yet,still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。
Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him.
虽然和她谈了半天,他还是不能让她信任自己。
(2) even if引导的让步状语从句
even if “即使,纵然”,从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如:
Even if it rains tomorrow,we won’t change our plan.
即使明天下雨,我们也决不改变计划。
Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment.
即使我再次失败,我也决不会放弃实验。
(3) even though引导的让步状语从句
even though“虽然,尽管”,从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况,通常可以和although/though换用。如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word,I kept smiling.
即使我一个字也不懂,我还是保持微笑。
Even though you say so,I do not believe it.
即使你这样说,我也不信。
(4) much as引导的让步状语从句
much as“虽然,尽管”,通常可以和although/though换用:
Much as I’d like to,I can’t come.
我虽然很想来,但是来不了。
Much as I admire his courage,I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
(5) while引导的让步状语从句
while“虽然,尽管”,多用于正式文体,通常可换作although/though。如:
While I understand your point of view,I do not share it.
我虽了解你的观点,但不敢苟同。
While I sympathize,I really can’t do very much to help.
虽然我很同情,但我确实帮不了什么忙。
(6) whatever/No matter what引导的让步状语从句
whatever和no matter what用法相同,都作“无论什么”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whatever/No matter what he says,don’t go.
不管他说什么,你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task,whatever/no matter what happens.
不管发生什么了,我们决心完成任务。
(7) whichever/no matter which引导的让步状语从句
whichever和no matter which用法相同,都作“无论哪个”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whichever/No matter which you buy, there is a six-month guarantee.
不论你买哪个,都有六个月的保修期。
Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was determined to find them.
不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包,芭芭拉决心找到他们。
(8) whoever/no matter who引导的让步状语从句
whoever和no matter who用法相同,都作“无论谁”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
You can’t come in, whoever you are.
不管你是谁,都不能进来。
Whoever/No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy.
不管谁要我接电话, 就说我现在正忙着呢。
(9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句
wherever和no matter where用法相同,都作“无论在(或到)哪里”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Wherever/No matter where you go, I’m Right Here Waiting fo ryou.
无论你到哪里,我都依然在这里等着你。
(10) however/no matter how引导的让步状语从句
however和no matter how用法相同,都作“无论如何……”解,后者多用于非正式文体。
However much you regret doing that, there is nothing you can do about it now.
无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事,现在也无济于事了。
However high it may be,it can’t reach the sky.
它不论有多高,也高不到天上去。
(11) whenever/no matter when引导的让步状语从句
whenever和no matter when用法相同,都作“无论何时”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whenever I’m unhappy,he cheers me up.
每当我不高兴时,他就给我鼓劲儿。
(12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句
whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同,都作“不论……还是”解,后者的语气强一些。如:
When It Rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.
无论下不下雨,我们星期天一定踢足球。
(13) as引导的让步状语从句
as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然;尽管”和“即使”解,但是它不位于句首,在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如:
Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it.
虽然你可能很有力气,你却无法把它提起来。
Late as it was, they continued to study.
时间尽管不早了,他们仍继续学习。
状语从句 - 方式状语从句
(1) as引导的方式状语从句
as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式;如同……那样”,从句有时是省略句。如:
Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
(2) as if/as though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though的用法相同,都作“好像,仿佛”解。如:
二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。
但也可用陈述语气,表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如:
They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad.
他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。
They look as if/as though they know each other.
他们看来好像互相认识。
状语从句 - 比较状语从句
(1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句
as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
We were as fortunate as them (they were)
我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
(2) not so/as...as 引导的比较状语从句
not so/as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
That’s not so/as simple as it sounds.
那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
(3) than引导的比较状语从句
than引导的比较状语从句表示同等比较,主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
He has lived here longer than I(has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
They love the girl than(they love) him.
他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。
(4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。
初中英语常见固定搭配:
(一)加-ing
enjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----
spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---
try doing 试着做------
be busy doing sth 忙于做------
finish doing sth 完成做----
look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)
be doing 正在做---
Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你
(二)加-to
decide to do sth 决定去做-----
ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----
It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)
would like / want to do 想要做-----
It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----
(三)加原形
let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事
be going to / will do sth (一般将来时态)
(四)加-to 或-ing意思不同
forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)
forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)
remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)
remember to do记得去做------(还没做)
(五)加-to 或-ing意思相同
begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------
(六)
A)动词+ 介词
agree with同意....的意见(想法);符合
help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事) listen to听...
..get to到达....
fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据
knock at /on敲(门、窗)
laugh at嘲笑
learn.. from 向...学习
live on继续存在;靠...生活
look after照顾,照看look at看;观看
look for寻找
look like看起来像
pay for (sth.)付钱;支付
point at指示;指向
point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢
quarrel with (和某人)吵架
regard...as ...把....当作....;当作
stop...from阻止.....做.....
talk about说话;谈话;谈论
talk with与......交谈think about考虑
think of认为;想起
B)动词+ 副词
ask for请求;询问
carry on坚持下去;继续下去
cut down砍倒
clean up清除;收拾干净
come down下来;落
come along来;随同
come in进来
come on来吧;跟着来;赶快
come over过来;顺便来访
come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽)
drop off放下(某物);下车
eat up吃光;吃完
fall behind落在......后面;输给别人
fall down跌倒;从......落下
find out查出(真相)
get back回来;取回
get down下来;落下;把......取下来
get off下来;从......下来get on上(车)
get up起床
give up放弃go on继续
go out出去
go over过一遍;仔细检查
grow up长大;成长
hand in交上来
hurry up赶快
hold on (口语)等一等;(打电话时)不挂断
look out留神;注意
look over (仔细)检查
look up向上看;抬头看
pass on传递;转移到....
pick up拾起;捡起
put away放好;把....收起来
put on穿上;戴上;(戏剧等)上演;放(唱片等
put down把(某物)放下来
put up挂起;举起
run away流失;逃跑;逃走
rush out冲出去
set off出发;动身;
启程send up发射;把......往上送
shut down把......关上
sit down坐下
slow down减缓;减速
take off脱掉(衣服)
take out取出
throw about乱丢;抛撒
trip over (被......)绊倒
try on试穿(衣服、鞋等);试戴(帽子等)
try out试验;尝试
turn down关小;调低
turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等
turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)
turn over (使)翻过来
wake up醒来
wear out把......穿旧;磨坏
work out算出;制订出
write down写下....
C) be + 形容词+ 介词
be angry with对(某人)发脾气
be interested in对......感兴趣
be able to能;会
be afraid of害怕
be amazed at对......感到惊讶
be excited about对......感到兴奋
be filled with用......充满
be full of充满......的
be good at =do well in在....方面做得好;善于
be late for迟到
be made in在......生产或制造
be made of由....组成;由....
be pleased with对......感到满意
be proud of以......自豪/高兴
be used for用于
D)动词+ 名词/ 代词
beg one′s pardon请原谅;对不起
do morning exercises做早操
do one′s homework做作业
enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐;玩得愉快
give a concert开音乐会
go boating去划船
go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行
go skating去滑冰
go shopping (去)买东西
have a cold (患)感冒
have a cough (患)咳嗽
have a headache (患)头痛
have a try尝试;努力
have a look看一看
have a rest休息
have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐;坐下
have sports进行体育活动
have supper吃晚餐
hear of听说
hold a sports meeting举行运动会
make a decision作出决定
make a mistake犯错误
make a noise吵闹
make faces做鬼脸
make friends交朋友
make money赚钱
take one′s place坐某人的座位;代替某人的职务
teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学
watch TV看电视
take photos照相
take time花费(时间)
take turns轮流
E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词
catch up with赶上
come up with找到;提出(答案、解决办法等)
get on well with与......相处融洽
give birth to生(孩子)
help yourself / yourselves to自取;随便吃
make room for给.....腾出地方
play a joke on戏弄人;对人恶作剧
speak highly of称赞
say good bye to告别;告辞
take an active part in积极参加
take care of照顾;照料;注意
F)其他类型
be awake醒着的
be born出生
be busy doing忙着做
come true实现
do one′s best尽最大努力
fall asleep睡觉;入睡
go home回家
go on doing (sth.)继续做某事;尽力
get married结婚
get together相聚
go straight along 沿着...一直往前走
had better (do)最好(做...)
keep doing sth.一直做某事
make sure确保;确认;查明
make up one′s mind下决心
与“根据括号内的要求改写句子,每空一词。1. Jack didwellin mat...”考查相似的试题有: