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高中三年级英语

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    [1] Joshua Lionel Cowen,a New York inventor,was born in l 877.In 1 900,he created maybe the most popular Christmas toy of the last century —little electric trains that circle Christmas trees.More than 50 million Lionel train sets have been sold worldwide,and today Lionel produces more than 300 miles of track each year.
    [2] Like many American inventors,Josh Cowen,who died in l965,was self-taught.According to history books.when he was 7 he carved a wooden toy train and tried to put a little steam engine on it.The engine blew up,but there were no complaints from his parents and eight brothers and sisters.
    [3] As a 23-year-old working at an electric fan company,Cowen dreamed up putting a little battery—powered fan motor onto a wooden toy train he called the Electric Express.He took it to a toy store,and they put it in the window to replace a train you had to push around by hand.Within days,Christmas shoppers snapped up six Lionel trains, and the company business took off
    [4]While there were many toy train companies—the first electric train was exhibited at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago—Cowen’s invention beat them a11.probably because he tied it to Christmas and produced the toy villages and other things to put around the tree and the train.Still,competition has not stopped.Today there are many companies making toy trains of all sizes,some on tracks using electricity,some on the floor using wind-up springs(发条).
    [5] One of the best places in Washington to see a big toy train display is the U.S.Botanic Garden.The big glass building at the foot of the U.S.Capitol has a single train running in one room and a bunch of trains in another big room.____________________________ is one of the most popular holiday attractions in the city.
    小题1:What does the author want to tell us about Joshua Lionel Cowen in Paragraph l?(no more than 8 words)
    小题2:What was Cowen’s family’s attitude toward his devotion to invention?(no more than 6 words)
    小题3:What made Cowen succeed at the 1893 World’s Fair?(no more than 8 words)
    小题4:Explain the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 in English.   
    小题5:Fill in the blanks in Paragraph 5 with proper words.(no more than 8 words)

    本题信息:英语完形填空难度一般 来源:未知
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本试题 “[1] Joshua Lionel Cowen,a New York inventor,was born in l 877.In 1 900,he created maybe the most popular Christmas toy of the last century —lit...” 主要考查您对

缩写与简写

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  • 缩写与简写

缩写与简写的概念:

用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词,读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
如:Foreign Language Teaching Agency→FLTA上海外教网
        Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
        Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL
        Teach English as a Second Language→TESL
        Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试


缩写的几种类型:

1、单词缩写应省略在辅音之后,元音之前:
英文单词缩写一般以辅音结尾,而不以元音结尾。如American省略为Am,而不省略为Ame或Amer,Medicine或Medical缩写为Med,European缩写为Eur等。但Science例外,缩写为Sci,可能是因为元音I之后又是元音E的缘故。缩写刊名每个词首字母必须大写,而不可全部都用大写或小写。
2、压缩字母法:
仅个别单词采用压缩字母方式缩写。
如:Japanese缩写为Jpn而不是Jan
        National应缩写为Natl而不是Nat
经常有读者将Japanese写成Jan是参考文献著录中常见的错误。
如:Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology,应缩写为JpnJOphthalmol,National Cancer Institute Research Report缩写为NatlCancerInstResRep。而Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写,如:NatureMedicine, Naturebiotechnology分别缩写为NatMed, NatBiotechnol。
另外CN是中国的国别代码,期刊缩写刊名中,ChinaChinese不得缩写为CN,而应缩写为Chin.采用压缩写法是为了避免与其他常用缩写混淆。
如:Japanese不能缩写为Jan,可能是Jan是January的固定缩写形式,National缩写为Natl而不缩写为Nat,可能是Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写。
3、学科名称缩写:
刊名中学科名称缩写很常见,因而了解学科名缩写规则非常必要。凡以-ogy结尾的单词,一律将词尾-ogy去掉,如Cardiology缩写为Cariol,Biology缩写为Biol,以-ics结尾的学科名词,缩写时将-ics或连同其前面若干字母略去。如:Physics缩写为Phys。以-try结尾的词,缩写时将-try连同前面若干字母略去。如:chemistry缩写为Chem。其中也包括其他形容词的缩写。
4、刊名中常用词和特殊单词的缩写:
期刊名中有些常用单词可以缩写为一个字母。
如:Journal缩写为J
        Quarterly缩写为Q
        Royal缩写为R
        New缩写为N
        South缩写为S
5、刊名首字母组合:
有些杂志名称缩写采用首字母组合,而且已被固定下来,一般都是国际上有较大影响的期刊,并得到国际上众多索引性检索工具的认同。
如:The Journal of American Medical Association缩写为JAMA, British Medical Journal缩写为BMJ等。
6、国家名称的缩写:
刊名中国家名称的缩写分为两种情况。如国家名称为单个词汇,缩写时常略去词尾或词的后部分若干字母。
如:American缩写为Am
        British缩写为Br
        Chinese缩写为Chin
而国家名称由多个词组组成时,常取每个词的首字母,如United States of America 缩写为USA或US。
7、虚词一律省略:
有许多虚词,如the, of, for, and, on, from, to等,在缩写时均省去。
如:Journal of chemistry缩写为J chem
       Archives of Medical Research缩写为Arch Med Res