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高中三年级英语

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  • 改错题
    短文改错
    假如英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文.文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处.每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改.
    增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(^),并在其下面写出该加的词.
    删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉.
    修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词.
    注意:
    1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
    2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分.
    Last weekend, I helped my grandparents  their trip to  Dalian. On Saturday morning,  together with my
    grandparents,I search the Internet for the train schedule,the weather in Dalian, and some hotel informations.
    In the afternoon, we went to the train station and managed to buy two tickets for my grandparents although
    there had a long queue. After the dinner, I packed into the suitcase the things what my grandparents would
    need, such as clothes, glasses, an umbrella, and a map. The next morning, I went to the station to show
    them off. Waved goodbye to them on the platform, I felt happily for them and wished them a safe journey.
    改错:__________________________________________________________________________
    本题信息:2013年陕西省同步题英语改错题难度一般 来源:马新民(高中英语)
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本试题 “短文改错假如英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文.文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处.每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删...” 主要考查您对

不可数名词

零冠词

人称代词

形容词

介词和介词短语

动词短语

现在分词

一般过去时

限制性定语从句

there be句型

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 不可数名词
  • 零冠词
  • 人称代词
  • 形容词
  • 介词和介词短语
  • 动词短语
  • 现在分词
  • 一般过去时
  • 限制性定语从句
  • there be句型

不可数名词的概念:

不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义 时,一般要与一个名词短语连用。
例如: a cup of tea 一杯茶
             a piece of news 一则新闻 
             two pieces of paper 两张纸  


不可数名词量的表示:

1)物质名词:
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)
            These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。
Thisfactoryproducessteel.(不可数)
如:We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。
如:Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 
        Two teas, please.  请来两杯茶。
2)抽象名词有时也可数。
如:four freedoms 四大自由
        the four modernizations 四个现代化
注:物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如:a glass of water 一杯水 
        a piece o fadvice 一条建议


不可数名词用法:

1、不可数名词前不能直接加数词或a(an)。切忌犯以下错误: meat, two tea, 应说a piece of meat, two cups oftea。
2、不可数名词无单复数变化,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如:There is some milk in the glass. 杯里有一些牛奶。
        Some food on the table goes bad. 桌子上的食物变质了。
3、能修饰不可数名词的词有:much, a little, little, a bit, some, any, a lot of, plenty of等,以此来表示不确定的数量。如:
        much bread 许多面包
        a little milk 一点牛奶
        a lot of work 许多工作
4、表示具体的数量时应用单位词加of结构。
如:I bought two kilos of meat. 我买了两公斤肉。
       He ate three pieces of bread. 他吃了三块面包。
       Would you like a cup of coffee? 你想喝杯咖啡吗?


零冠词的概念:

名词前没有定冠词、不定冠词、或任何限定词的现象。


零冠词的用法:

零冠词是指名词前面没有不定冠词、定冠词,也没有其他限定词的现象,零冠词的用法如下:

1、表示抽象概括意义时,不可数名词和复数名词使用零冠词:
例:Books are my best friends. 书是我的好朋友。
        Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。
比较:The water in this river is undrinkable. 这条河的水不可饮用。

2、专有名词通常使用零冠词:
例:Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。
        London is the capital of England. 伦敦是英国的首都。
       China is a developing socialist country. 中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家。

3、按照习惯下列各类名词使用零冠词:
1)季节、月份、星期以及节假日等名词:
例:Summer begins in June in this part of the country. 这个地区夏天从六月份开始。
        We have no classes on Sunday. 星期日我们不上课。
        There are a lot of people shopping at Christmas. 在圣诞节有很多人购买东西。
2)三餐饭菜的名词:
例:have supper 吃晚饭
        come to dinner 去吃饭
3)语言、运动、游戏等名词:
例:She speaks Chinese. 她说汉语。
        He plays football. 他踢足球。
        Let's have a game of chess. 咱俩下盘棋吧。
4)在某些意义有改变的名词前要使用零冠词:
例:He has gone to school. (tolearn) 他去上学了。
        They are in church just now. (to worship) 现在他们在做礼拜。
同样,in hospital是“住院(治疗)”,in prison是“服刑”,等等。
注意:如果在这类名词前加冠词,则表示去那里干与之无关的事:
例:go to the school 可理解为去学校看望人,而不是“学习”。

4、在表示职位、头衔、身份等名词前:
例:Professor Wang 王教授
        Doctor Tompson 汤普生医生
        President Lincoln 林肯总统
        Dean of the English Department 英语系主任


零冠词的特殊用法:

1、用于物质名词前。物质名词表示泛指或一般概念时,通常用零冠词:
如:Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。
        Blood is thicker than water. 水浓于水(即亲人总比外人亲)。
表示泛指或一般概念的物质名词前,即使有一描绘性修饰语,仍用零冠词:
如:Don't eat rotten food. 不要吃腐烂的食物。
注:(1)若特指,物质名词前可用定冠词:
如:Is the water in the well fit to drink? 这井里的水能喝吗? 
        (2)表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份等这样的概念时,可用不定冠词:
如:This is a very good wine. 这是一种很好的酒。
        A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。
        It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling. 当时天气很冷,正在下大雪。

2、用于抽象名词前。抽象名词表示泛指或一般概念时,通常用零冠词:
如:Do you like music? 你喜欢音乐吗?
        Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
表示泛指或一般概念的抽象名词前,即使有一描绘性修饰语,仍用零冠词:
如:I like light music very much. 我非常喜欢轻音乐。
注:(1)若特指,抽象名词前可用定冠词:
如:I like the music of Mozart. 我喜欢莫扎特的曲子。
        (2)若表示一种、一类、一方面、那种、这种等这之类的概念时,可用不定冠词:
如:He lives a happy life. 他过着幸福的生活。
        Physics is a science. 物理是一门科学。
        (3)表示动作的一次、一例、一番等时,可用不定冠词:
如:Let me have a look. 让我看一看。
       (4)表示与抽象名词意义相关的具体的人或事,可用不定冠词:
如:The book is a delight to read. 这书读来很有趣。

3、用于专有名词前。在通常情况下,专有名词前用零冠词:
如:Smith lives in London. 史密斯住在伦敦。
注:若特指,专有名词前有时也可用定冠词:
如:The Smith you're looking for no longer lives here. 你找的那个史密斯不住这儿了。 

4、用于复数名词前。复数名词表示类别时,通常用零冠词:
如:Teachers should be respected. 教师应该受到尊重。
泛指不定量的人或物,也用零冠词:
如:We are students of ClassFive. 我们是五班的学生。
注:若特指,复数名词前应用定冠词:
如:The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议。

5、用于单数可数名词前。单数可数名词前用零冠词,主要有以下情况:
(1)用于表示家庭成员或nurse, cook, teacher等名词前:
如:Mother is not at home.妈妈不在家。
        Ask nurse to put the child to bed  叫保姆孩子抱到床上去睡觉。
        Teacher was satisfied with our work. 老师对我们的工作很满意。
(2)用于动词turn(变成),go(变成)后作表语的名词通常用零冠词:
如:He was a teacher before he turned writer. 他在成为作家之前是教师。
        He has gone socialist. 他成了社会主义者。
(3)在让步状语从句的倒装句式中,单数可数名词通常用零冠词:
如:Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然是个孩子,但已经很懂事了。
        Teacher though he is, he can't knowe verything. 他虽然是老师,但也不可能什么都懂。
(4)单数可数名词用作呼语,通常用零冠词:
如:How is she, doctor? 医生,她怎么样?
        Can you drive me to the station, driver? 司机,请送我去车站,好吗?
(5)在某些独立结构中通常用零冠词:
如:The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。
        He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里,嘴里叼着烟斗。
(6)在“kind[sort]of+名词”这一结构中,名词通常用零冠词:
如:This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。
        He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他这种人我真不喜欢。
注:注意以下两句在含义上的差别:
      Whatkindofcarisit?这是什么牌子的车?
      Whatkindofacarisit?这种车质量如何?
(7)当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时,通常用零冠词:
如:The man was more animal than man. 那个人与其说是人,不如说是畜生。 
        I was fool enough to accep this offer. 我接受他的提议真是太傻了。
       Are you man enough for this dangerous job? 你有勇气敢做这项危险的工作吗?


零冠词用法口诀:

下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;
专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭;
复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;
颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况,即:
①名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。
②专有名词和不可数名词前。
③表示学科的(如:maths、Chinese、physics)名词前。
④球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。
⑤复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事)时。
⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前。
⑦表示颜色(如:It's red/yellow.)、语种(如:speak English/Japanese)和国家的非全称名词(如:We live in China. They come from America.)。
⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。
⑨某些习惯短语中(如:inbed、go to school 等)。


零冠词知识体系:


冠词
名词前面没有定冠词、不定冠词、和其他限定词的现象。 1、在某些专有或者抽象物质表示类别前
2、在表示类别复数名词前
3、在季节、月份、星期、三餐前
4、称呼语或表示头衔,职务的词前
5、学科和球类运动的名称前
6、名词前有代词或所有格
7、在某些固定词组中:
      at night by bus

零冠词用法拓展:

(1)节假日、星期、月份、季节等通常用零冠词:
如:We had a good time on Christmas Day. 我们在圣诞节过得很愉快。
        Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。
        He was born in September, 1988. 他出生在1988年9月。
注:①我国用Festival构成的传统节日通常用定冠词:
如:the Spring Festival春节
        the Mid-autumn Festival [theMoonFestival]中秋节 
        ②若表示特指或心目中的专指,星期、月份、季节等名词前可用定冠词: 
 如:He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。 
         He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来,星期一就走了。
        ③表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义时,节日、星期、月份、季节等名词也可用不定冠词: 
如:My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。 
        She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday. 她在一晴朗的星期日来看了我。 
        We had a nice Christmas. 我们过了一个愉快的圣诞节。
        ④当季节名词不强调时间而强调季节的内涵时,通常用 the: 
如:Winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(单纯指冬天的时间)
        The winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(暗示寒冷)
(2)某些表示自然界时间变化现象的名词,与某些介词(如at, after, before, till, until, towards, from等) 构成短语时,通常用零冠词:
 如:at day-break 在天亮时
         before dawn 在天亮前
         at dusk 在黄昏时
         after sunset 在日落后
         after sunrise 在日出前
         until sundown 直到日落
         towards dark 天快黑时
         at midnight 在半夜
         from dawn till dusk 从早到晚
当day, night, evening, morning, afternoon 等表示抽象的时间概念时,通常用零冠词:
如:Night fell. 天黑了。
        Evening came on. 夜幕来临。
        It was late afternoon before he reached home. 傍晚时候他才到家。
(3)球类、三餐、茶点等名词前,通常用零冠词:
如:We play basketball in the afternoon. 我们下午打篮球。
        What do you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃什么?
        They were at tea when I called. 我来访时他们正在喝茶(吃茶点)。
注:①球类名词若不是作为一项体育活动看待,而是作为一个实实在在的东西来看待,则可以用冠词:
如:The basketball is mine. 这个篮球是我的。
        He bought a basketball. 他买了一个蓝球。
        ②三餐饭被特指可用定冠词,若受形容词修饰且非特指,可用不定冠词:
如:The supper she cooked was delicious. 她做的晚餐很可口。
        We had a good lunch at Uncle's. 我们在叔叔家吃了顿丰盛的午餐。
(4)当名词后接有数词表示顺序时,名词前通常用零冠词:
如:Lesson10 is more interesting than Lesson11. 第10课比第11课更有趣。
        There's a picture of a ship on page15. 在第15页有张一艘船的照片。
(5)公园、广场、学校、语言等名词前通常用零冠词:
如:Hyde Park 海德公园
        Central Park(纽约) 中内公园
        Zhong shan Park中山公园
        Tian AnMen Square天安门广场
        speak English 说英语
        Beijing University 北京大学
注:当语言名词表特指意义或指某一语言中的对应词时,通常用定冠词:
如:the English spoken in America and Canada 在美国和加拿大讲的英语
       What's the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说?
另外,在语言名词后加上language一词时,也要用冠词:the English language。
(6)表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词,若表示相关的活动时,通常用零冠词:
如:go to school (bed, church, town, class, college, etc)去上学 (睡觉,做礼拜,进城,上课,上大学,等)
        in bed (school, class, college, church, prison, hospital,etc) 在睡觉 (上学,上课,上大学,做礼拜,坐牢,住院,等)
        be sent to hospital (prison) 被送往医院住院或治疗(关进监狱)
        School is over at twelve. 12点放学。
注:①若不是指活动,而是指具体的实物,则要用冠词。比较:
如:go to the bed到床边去 (侧重指“床”这个实体)
        go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动,即睡觉)
        be in the school 在这所学校里 (侧重指“学校”这个地点)
        be in school 在上学(侧重指与“学校”有关的活动,即读书)
        ②但是cinema, theatre是例外,它们表示相关活动时,其前要用定冠词:
如:He often goes to the cinema (theatre). 他经常去看电影(看戏)。
        I prefer the cinema to the theatre. 我喜欢看电影,不喜欢看戏。
③有时定冠词和零冠词的选择与英美英语的不同习惯有关:
如:in hosptital (英) 住院
        in the hospital (美) 住院
        go to university (英)上大学
        go to the university (美)上大学
        at table (英)在吃饭
        at the table(美)在吃饭
(7)某些用介词by构成的方式的短语通常用零冠词:
①表示乘坐交通工具:
如:by bus 乘公共汽车
        by bike(bicycle) 骑自行车
        by plane/byair乘飞机
        by ship(boat) 坐船
        by land 走陆路
        by sea 从海路
②表示用通讯或通信等方式:
如:by phone 用电话
        by telegram 用电报
        by letter 用信件
        by post 用邮寄
        by radio 用无线电
        by hand 用手工
(8)表示正式的或独一无二的头衔或职位等,在用作宾语、表语、补语或同位语时,通常用零冠词:
如:John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。
        He is head of the foreign languages department. 他是外语系主任。
注:尽管有时也有用定冠词的现象,但以零冠词为普通。
(9)单数可数名词紧密联系的平行结构,通常用零冠词:
如:They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
        Please pass me pencil and paper. 请把纸笔递给我。
        Boy and girl came up to me together. 一个男孩和女孩一起向我走来。
(10)有些短语用零冠词和定冠词均可,只是含义不同:
如:out of question 毫无疑问
        out of the question 不可能,不值得考虑的
        keep house 料理家务
        keep the house 呆在家里不外出
        in charge of 负责,管理,主管
        in the charge of 在…的管理(负责)之下
(11)许多习语用零冠词:
如:catch fire 着火
        give way 让路
        lose heart 灰心
        move hosue 搬家
        send word 捎信
        take place 发生
        by chance 偶然
        catch sight of 看见
        make use of 利用


人称代词的概念:

人称代词是替代我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们、她们、它们等人称的词。
人称代词分为主格和宾格形式,并有人称的单复数形式。按所替代人称的不同分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。


人称代词的用法:

人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如:I,you,he,she,we,they,等)和宾语(用宾格,如 me,you,him,her,us,them等)
如:He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。
:(1)在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用语。 例如:
        "Who is it?" "It's me."“是谁呀?”“是我。”
        He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
        He is as tall as her. 他和她一样高。
        It's me who did it. 这是我干的。但是,若than,as后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格。例如:
        He sings better than I do./ He is as tall as she is.
        (2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。
             "I' m tired.""Me too."“我累了。”“我也累了。”
             "Who wants this?" "Me."“谁要这个?”“我要。”
        (3)有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化。
             I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为 I like you better than he likes you. 之略。
             I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为 I like you better than he likes him. 之略。


人称代词主格、宾格、人称、单复数对比:

人称代词

单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

第一人称

I

me

we

us

第二人称

you

you

you

you

第三人称

he

him

they

them

she

her

them

it

it


人称代词的排序:

人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they:
You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。
We, you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。
但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I置于其他人称代词之前:
I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。
比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。
注意:you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。


人称代词知识体系:

 


人称代词用法拓展:

1、在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词。
As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。
(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)
2、人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语。
These small desks are forus students.这些小课桌是给我们学生的。
We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子常一起去看电影。
He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。


形容词的概念:

形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。


形容词的作用与位置:

形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记;
(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。
如:a language difficult to master,
        a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。
(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。
如:I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
(6)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+shape(形状)+age(年龄、时间)+color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。

口诀:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。
如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
        the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings


形容词的用法:

1、形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面:
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。
大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:
afraid害怕的。(错)Heisanillman. (对)Themanisill. (错)Sheisanafraidgirl. (对)Thegirlisafraid.
这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:somethingnice

2、用形容词表示类别和整体:
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。
2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。如:the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.

以-ly结尾的形容词:
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:
如:(错)She sang lovely.
        (错)He spoke to me very friendly.
        (对)Her singing was lovely.
        (对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early .
如:The Times is a daily paper. 
        The Times is published daily.


形容词知识体系:

 


复合形容词的构成

(1)形容词+名词+ed:
          如:kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired 白发的
(2)形容词+形容词:
          如:red-hot 炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的
(3)形容词+现在分词:
          如:good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的
(4)副词+现在分词:
          如:hard-working 勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的
(5)副词+过去分词:
          如:hard-won 得来不易的,newly-made 新建的
(6)名词+形容词:
          如:life-long 终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的
(7)名词+现在分词:
          如:peace-loving 爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑的
(8)名词+过去分词:
          如:snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的
(9)数词+名词+ed:
          如:four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词+名词(名词用单数):
          如:ten-year 10年的,  two-man 两人的


介词和介词短语的概念:

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。


误用介词的三种情况:

1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。


介词的宾语:

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.


动词短语的概念:

动词常和某些其他词类用在一起,构成固定词组,形成所谓短语动词(phrasalverb)。和动词一样,短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为一个整体看待,同一般动词一样使用。


 动词短语的搭配类型:

1)动词+介词:
这类短语动词用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。
如:The small boy insisted on going with his parents. 那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。
        Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语广播吗?
        Look at the children. Aren't they lovely? 看着这些孩子们。他们多么可爱呀!
        We stand for self-reliance. 我们是主张自力更生的。
这一类的短语动词还有很多,如depend on(upon)(依靠),wait on(服侍),look for(寻找),deal with(对待),look after(照料),wait for(等待)等。
2)动词+副词
这类短语动词有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词。
如:I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我总是一打铃就起床。(不及物)
        Look out, there's a car coming! 当心,来汽车了!(不及物)
        Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗?(及物)
        Please don't forget to put on your coat, it's cold outside. 请不要忘记穿外衣,外面很冷。(及物)
这一类的短语动词还有很多,及物如put out(扑灭),eat up(吃光),put down(放下);不及物如set off(出发),come up(走近),go on(继续)。
注:"动词+副词"这类短语动词和上面第一类"动词+介词"的不同之处在于:"动词+介词"用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。"动词+副词"则有的及物,有的不及物;用作及物动词而宾语为人称代词或自身代词时,副词往往放在宾语之后。
如:Please wake me up at five tomorrow. 请在明天早上五点唤醒我。
        If you have done your exercises, please hand them in. 如果你们练习做完了请交来。
        She doesn't normally behave like that, she's putting it on. 她通常并不如此表现,她是装出来的。
注:这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词用。
如:He took off his hat when he entered the office. 他进办公室后脱下帽子。(及物)
        The plane took off at seven sharp. 飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)
        Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting. 查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)
        If you can't come, please ring up and let us know. 你如来不了,请来电话告诉我们一声。(不及物)
3)动词+副词+介词:
"动词+副词"之后有的可以再加一个介词,形成另一种短语动词。这类短语动词用作及物动词。
如:Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment 不要失望。我们必须继续试验。(go on with继续)
        He came up to me. 他走到我跟前。(come up to走近)
这类短语动词还有:look down upon(看不起),do away with(去掉),put up with(忍受)等。
4)动词+名词+介词:
这类短语动词也是及物的。
如:He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet. 他在宴会上和宾客一一握手。
        Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after school activities.少先队员经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。
        Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice. 注意仓库里的稻谷的温度。
        Her job is taking care of the babies. 她的工作是照顾婴儿。
这一类短语动词还有:put an end to(结束),take notice of(注意),catch hold of(抓住),lose sight of(看不见),make use of(利用)等。

动词短语知识体系:

 


现在分词的概念:

现在分词(PresentParticiple)(又称-ing形式),是分词的一种,是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语)。一般式:doing;一般被动式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被动式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。


现在分词的用法:

1)做表语:
如:He was very amusing.
        That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2)作定语:
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:
如:That must have been a terrifying experience.
        I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句:
如:There are a few boys swimming in the river.
        There is a car waiting outside.
3)作状语:
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作:
如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. 
        Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
        Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句:
如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
        Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句:
如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
        Returning home, he began to do his homework. 
        Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
        Be careful when crossing the road.
        Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
        Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补:
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语:
例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如:I see him passing my house every day.
        I caught him stealing things in that shop.
        I smelt something burning.
        She kept him working all day.


现在分词其他用法解析:

1、现在分词一般式的用法:
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生:
如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
         Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔:
如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家,他决定留个字条。 
         He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时,现在分词通常位于句末。

2、现在分词完成式的用法:
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。
        Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。
注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔:
如:Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。
        Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式:
如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
(2)现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生):
误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window.

3、现在分词被动式的用法:
当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:
(1)现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
         I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
(2)现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
        Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
比较:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
            Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。


一般过去时的概念

一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。


一般过去时的用法:  

1、表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用。  
如:My family moved here five years ago. 我家五年前搬到了这里。  
        I was born in 1973. 我生于1973年。  
2、表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如:often,usually,always等连用。  
如:He always worked in tonight those days. 那些日子他总是工作到深夜。  
        I often left on business in 1987. 1987年我经常出差。  
:表示“过去经常,而今不再”时,要用usedto.
如:I used to read newspaper after breakfast. 我过去经常早饭后看报纸。(意指现在已不是这样)   
The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。  
3、表示过去发生的一连串动作。  
如:He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door. 他放下这沉重的箱子,掏出钥匙开了房门。  
注:过去发生的一连串动作,若用and,or,but等并列连词连接,则一律用过去式。  
如:They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have  supper. 他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。  
4、在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。  
如:He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information. 他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。         
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained. 玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。


一般过去时的特别用法

1、句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。
例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。  
            It is time that sb.did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"。
例如:It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。  
2、would(had)rather sb.did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow. 还是明天来吧。
3、wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)  
            Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)  
            Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)      
            Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。
例如:Did you want any thing else? 您还要些什么吗?   
            I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词could, would。
例如:Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?


限制性定语从句的概念:

限制性定语是指对被修饰名词或代词的必需修饰,是被修饰名词或代词不可缺少的修饰语,如果去掉它句子意思往往会不明确或会发生变化。
如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
        The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。


关系代词引导的定语从句:

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)      
       He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)
例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。  
        Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语)
            The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句:

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。
例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
            Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
            Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,
例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
            He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。


限定性定语与非限定性定语的区别:

1、形式不同:
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
2、功能不同:
 限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
        His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
3、翻译不同:
在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开:
如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
        I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4、含义不同:
如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
        I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5、先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;
另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句:
如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
        He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
        Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)  
        Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6、关系词不同:
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。


判断关系代词与关系副词方法:

一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
            I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错
(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
(对)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注:习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
        A. where 
        B. that
        C. on which
        D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.  
        A. where 
        B. that
        C.on which
        D. the one
答案:例1:D,例2:A
例1变为肯定句:This museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注:在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。
而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。


定语从句知识体系:

 


关系代词that的用法:

1)不用that的情况:
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
如:(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介词后不能用:
如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
        We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e)先行词既有人,又有物时。
例:All that is needed is a supply of oil.  所需的只是供油问题。  
        Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。


there be句型的概念:

英语中的there be结构主要表示某处存在有某物,所以通常被称为存在句。其中的there为引导词,无词义,be为谓语动词,therebe后面的名词为句子主语。


therebe结构的否定式和疑问式:

 1、否定式
there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后:
如:There is not any bread left. 没有一点面包了。
        There isn't anything I can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词,通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后:
如:There can't be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。
        There shouldn't be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。
        There haven't been any parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。
另外注意以下类型的否定式:
如:There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. 在钱的问题上似乎没发生什么困难。
2、疑问式:
there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后:
如:Is there any good film on? 映什么好电影吗?
        Is there room for me in the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?
        Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词,通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式:
如:Has there been an accident? 出事了吗?
        Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的发展吗?
        Can there have been so much rain there?那儿会下过那么多雨吗?
另外注意以下类型的疑问式:
如:Uncle Jesse, why do there have to be poor people like those? 杰西叔,为什么一定要有他们那样的穷人?


there be结构的谓语形式:

1、主谓一致问题:
 若只有一个主语,谓语的数则取决于该主语的数;若有几个主语并列,则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致:
如:There is a man at the door. 门口有个人。
        There are some girls in the room. 房间里有几个女孩。
        There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
2、时态问题:
there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现,它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式:
如:There is going to be[will be] an English film tonight. 今晚将有一场英语电影。
        There was a lot to be done. 有很多事要做。
        There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
        There have been many such accidents. 已发生了好几起那样的事故。
        There had been two seafights between them. 他们之间发生了两场海战。
3、与情态动词连用:
there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用:
如:There may be a storm tomorrow. 明天可能有风暴。
        There used to be a hospital here. 原来这里有家医院。
        He felt there must be something wrong. 他感到准有什么问题。
        There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。
        There ought to be a comma here. 这儿应有一个逗号。
4、动词be换成其他动词:
有时可将there be中的动词:be换为live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等:
如:Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Joe Beef. 从前有个人名叫乔·比夫。 
        There seems[appears] something the matter with her. 她好像是出了什么事似的。
        There existed different opinions on this problem. 对这个问题曾有不同看法。
        There remained just twenty-eight pounds. 只剩28英镑了。
        At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 在小山顶上有一座古庙。
5、与其他动词搭配使用:
there be结构有时可与其他动词搭配使用,构成一种复合谓语:
如:There seemed to be nobody about, so I went in. 附近似乎没有人,因此我就走了进去。
        There happened to be a man walking by. 恰好有一个人从旁经过。

therebe结构的非谓语形式:

基本结构:there be结构的非谓语形式有两种基本结构,即there being和there to be:
1、there being结构该结构的主要用法有:
(1)用作状语:
如:There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于没什么其他的事要干,所以我们就回家了。
        There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于没有下雨,所以地面很干。
【注】有时可与状语从句转换:
如:There being no further business(=As there was no further business), I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了,我宣布闭会。
(2)用作介词宾语:
如:There is now some hope of there being a settle ment of the dispute. 现在有点希望可以解决这次争端。
2、There to be结构该结构的主要用法有:
(1)用作动词宾语:该结构可用作某些动词(如like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider等)的宾语:
如:I don't want there to be any misunderstanding. 我可不希望有任何误解。
        Students hate there to be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
        We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。
【注】在let there be结构中,动词be不带to:
如:Don't let there be any noise. 不允许有任何吵闹。
        Let there be no mistake about it. 这事不要出错。
(2)用作介词for的宾语:
如:They asked for there to be another meeting. 他们要求再开一次会议。
【注】用作介词宾语一般用there being,但用作介词for的宾语时,只能用there to be。
比较:They planned on there being another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。
            They planned for there to be another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。


几个重要句型和结构

 1、There is no doing结构:
其意为“不可能…”、“无法…”:
如:There's no denying the fact. 这一事实不容否认。
        There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。
        There is no knowing what he will do next. 无法知道他下一步要干什么。
        There was no telling when she would be back. 没法知道她什么时候回来。
2、There is no difficulty in doing sth结构:
意为“做某事没有困难”:
如:There is no difficulty in finding his office. 找到了他的办公室没费一点劲。
        There was no difficulty in carrying out the plan. 执行这项计划没什么困难。
3、There's no doubt…结构:
意为“毫无疑问…”:
如:There is no doubt of his success. 毫无疑问他一定会成功。
        There could be no doubt that he was one of the best writer in this country. 毫无疑问他是这个国家最优秀的作家之一。
4、There is no hurry(to do sth)句式:
其意为“不用急(于做某事)”:
如:There's no hurry to return the book. 现在不急于还书。
        There's no hurry, so do it slowly and carefully. 不用赶时间,要慢慢细心地做。
5、There's no need for…结构:
其意为“不需要或不必要…”:
如:There is no need for help. 不需要帮助。
        There is no need for you to go. 你没有必要去。
6、There is no question about...结构:
其意为“…是毫无疑问的”:
如:There's no question about his success. 毫无疑问他会成功。
        There's no question about his honesty. 毫无疑问他是诚实的。
7、There is no question of doing sth句式:
其意为“做某事是不可能的”:
如:There is no question of his coming. 他不可能会来。
        There is no question of our arriving on time. 我们不可能准时赶到。
8、There is no sense in doing sth结构:
意为“做某事没有道理或好处”:
如:There's no sense in criticizing him. 批评他也没有用。
        There's no sense in waiting three hours. 等三小时是不没有道理的。
9、There's no point in doing sth句式:
意为“做某事没有用”:
如:There's no point(in) telling her about it. 告诉她没有用。
如:There's no point in wasting time. 耗时间没用。
【注】以上有的结构中的no根据情况也可换成其他限定词:
如:There is some difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事有些困难”。 
        There is much difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事许多困难”。
        There's a need for… 意为“需要或有必要…”。
10、“there be+名词+动词”结构:
(1)there be+宾语+现在分词现在分词表示主动关系,同时表示动作正在进行:
如:There is some one waiting for him. 有人在等他。
        There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。
        There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
        There were a group of young people working in the fields. 有一群青年在地里劳动。
有时现在分词可表示一种状态:
如:There's a piano standing against the wall. 靠墙有一架钢琴。
        There're a lot of difficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。
        There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。
有个别现在分词用于该结构时可以表示将来(正如它们可用进行时表示将来一样):
如:There are ten people coming to dinner. 有10个人来吃晚饭。
(2)there be+宾语+过去分词过去分词表示一种被动关系,同时表示动作已经发生:
如:There is nothing written on it. 上面没写东西。
        There were ten people killed in the accident. 事故中有10人丧生。有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构):
        There were some old men seated(=who were seated)in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。
        There is a red car parked(=which is parked)outside the house. 房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。
(3)therebe+宾语+不定式不定式通常表示动作尚未发生:
如:There was nobody to look after the child. 没有人照顾这孩子。
        There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人要来给他送行。
        There was so much to lose that we couldn't take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失,因此我们不能冒险。
【注】当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时,可用主动表被动,也可用被动式:
如:There is much work to do[to be done]. 有许多工作要做。有时其中的不定式为系表结构:
        There is nothing to be afraid of. 没什么可怕的。
        What was there to be afraid of. 有什么可怕的?
        There's nothing to be ashamed of. 没有什么值得羞愧的。