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初中三年级英语

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  • 填空题
    用所给单词的适当形式填空。
    1. If I _______(be) a scientist, I ______ (will) combine a sheep and a poatato.
    2. It's snowing today. Jenny had beter _________(not go) out.
    3. Have you ever studied ________(clone)?
    4. You and your sister look the same. I can hardly________(identical) you two.
    5. Sam's grandfather has been ________(die) for many years.
    本题信息:2011年同步题英语填空题难度较难 来源:马静
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本试题 “用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. If I _______(be) a scientist, I ______ (will) combine a sheep and a poatato.2. It's snowing today. Jenny had beter ___...” 主要考查您对

形容词

实义动词

动名词

虚拟语气句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 形容词
  • 实义动词
  • 动名词
  • 虚拟语气句
形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
实意动词:
即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:
及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;
不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?


英汉实意动词用法比较:
与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。

 实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他


动名词:
如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。


动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。


动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语 
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
     Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.   
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
No parking. (禁止停车)   
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语   
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
2.作介词的宾语   
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
3.作形容词的宾语   
The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping


动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态、语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being  written
完成式
having written
having been written

动名词使用注意事项:
1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
4) 有些词后只能接动名词
acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
例:remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
 forget与remember的用法类似。
 regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
 try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.
虚拟语气:
用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。
虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
初中阶段主要学习在条件句中的虚拟语气。
条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。

时间

条件从句 

主句 

例句 

与现在事实相反

If+主语+过去式(系
动词be多用were)

would
主语+should+V 
could

见①②句

与过去事实相反

If+主语+had+过去分词

Would
主语+should+have+过    
去分词 
could

见③④句

与将来事实相反

过去式    
If+主语+ should+V原 
were to+V

would
主语+should+V 
 could 
 

见⑤⑥句

例句:
① If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
② If I won a million dollars, I would give it to charities.
③ If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
④ If I had known that earlier, I wouldn’t have done it. 
⑤ If he should go to Tsinghua University, he would make full use of his time.
⑥ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.


虚拟语气误区:
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化;
2.省略if时,句子调整不正确;
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义;
4.陷在虚拟中出不来,把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。

省略虚拟条件:
1.省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首:
Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。
Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要,我会去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了。
【注】
① 若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词:
Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间,我会来的。(=If I had time…)

2.省略主语和动词be
若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词be,通常可将主语和动词be省略:
If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)

3.省略“it+be”
If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
如果需要的话,我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)

4.省略条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:
I might see her personally. It would be better.
我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)

含蓄条件句中
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如:
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件是otherwise)
Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
(暗含条件是介词短语without your help)
But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help)
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
(暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately)
(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如:
I would not have done it that way.
我是不会那么做的。(可能暗含if I were you)
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.)
You might come to join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。(可能暗含if I had the money)
But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。


条件状语从句用法及动词形式:
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句:If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg: 
1.If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你)
2.If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
3.If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)
4.If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没有带钱)
5.If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力)
6.she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。(事实:我并非陌生人) 
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句:If 主语+had+done
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done
eg:
1.If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)
2.If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
主句:主语+should+do 
从句:
①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+did(动词过去式)/were
eg:
1.If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小)
2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:下雪可能性很小)
3.If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实:来的可能性很小)
4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
eg:
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如:
If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。eg:
Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。
Were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,but for…等  
eg:
But for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。
7、有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意,在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用was。
eg:If I were you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你,就会去找他。


虚拟语气的其他用法:
1、一想要( desire )
一宁愿( prefer )
一坚持( insist )
二命令( order , command )
三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend)
四要求( demand , require , request , ask)中,
无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:"should + do"。should可以省略。
eg:
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist 意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气;意为“坚持某种观点,某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。eg:
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
eg:
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2、表情绪、观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气。如:
necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。
句型:It is.......that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或 只用动词原型。
eg:
Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
注:这一点还没有准确的说法,希望善心人能把这点补充完全。
3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形,may/might可以省略,表示与现在相反的情况;
从句用过去完成时,表示与过去相反的情况,类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
eg:
Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。(事实:他没来)
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。(事实:华佗不在世)
4、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:指现在或将来:may +do。
eg:
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。
指过去:may +have done 。
eg:
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。
5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:
过去 had + done 
现在 过去时(be 用were )
将来 过去时(be 用were ) (would rather 将来情况用一般过去时)
eg:
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
注:注意would rather,had rather,would sooner的细微差别,可以百度一下查查。
6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:
It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do(优先使用动词过去式) ,即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
7、 简单句中的虚拟语气
(1) 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should +do。
eg:
Would you mind me shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗?
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。(委婉的不同意)
(2)表示“祝愿”时,常用may + 主语+ do。
eg:
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
(3)表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用do。
eg:God bless us. 上帝保佑。
(4)习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。eg:
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗?
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg:
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议。eg:
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。eg:
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗?
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:情态动词 + have done。
eg:
You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。