本试题 “_____ no one in the house, the detective had to leave.[ ]A. There isB. There wasC. There beingD. There to be” 主要考查您对独立主格结构
there be句型
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
独立主格结构的概念：
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构基本构成形式：
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）
1）名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2）名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3）名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的
主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4）名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5）名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
6）名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again.
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7）名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood
on her back．
每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
独立主格结构比较：
一、独立结构在句中的作用：
1、时间状语：
如：The test finished, we began our holiday. （=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）
2、条件状语：
如：Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.)
3、原因状语：
如：The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working. (=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.)
4、伴随状语：
如：He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. (=He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)
二、其它形式的独立结构：
1、在以上所讲的独立结构前加with，这种结构在句中可作：
1）伴随状语：
如：With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.
The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).
He used to sleep with the window open.
2）原因状语：
如：He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
With Tom away, we have got more room.
3）时间状语：
如：With everything well arranged, he left his office.
三、It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）：
如：It being Monday, the library is closed.
It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.
四、倒装结构：（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）
1）there be形式：
如：There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.
2）such形式：
如：Such being the case, she had nothing to say.
3）介词短语形式：
如：In the sand being the mark of a man's foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.
独立主格结构注意事项：
1）独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
如：The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2）动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
如：The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
如：The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
3）独立主格结构介词使用的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with的复合结构不受此限制。
如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
如：He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4）独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking（总的说来），Frankly speaking（坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing（假设），等等。
如：Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure（确实），to tell you the truth（说实话），to cut a long story short（长话短说），to be frank（坦率地说），to make matters/things worse（更糟糕的是），等等。
如：To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5）独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
如：If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许，我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
如：Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
there be句型的概念：
英语中的there be结构主要表示某处存在有某物，所以通常被称为存在句。其中的there为引导词，无词义，be为谓语动词，therebe后面的名词为句子主语。
therebe结构的否定式和疑问式：
1、否定式：
there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：
如：There is not any bread left. 没有一点面包了。
There isn't anything I can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后：
如：There can't be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。
There shouldn't be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。
There haven't been any parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。
另外注意以下类型的否定式：
如：There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. 在钱的问题上似乎没发生什么困难。
2、疑问式：
there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：
如：Is there any good film on? 映什么好电影吗?
Is there room for me in the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?
Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式：
如：Has there been an accident? 出事了吗?
Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的发展吗?
Can there have been so much rain there？那儿会下过那么多雨吗？
另外注意以下类型的疑问式：
如：Uncle Jesse, why do there have to be poor people like those? 杰西叔，为什么一定要有他们那样的穷人?
there be结构的谓语形式：
1、主谓一致问题：
若只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致：
如：There is a man at the door. 门口有个人。
There are some girls in the room. 房间里有几个女孩。
There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
2、时态问题：
there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现，它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式：
如：There is going to be[will be] an English film tonight. 今晚将有一场英语电影。
There was a lot to be done. 有很多事要做。
There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
There have been many such accidents. 已发生了好几起那样的事故。
There had been two seafights between them. 他们之间发生了两场海战。
3、与情态动词连用：
there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用：
如：There may be a storm tomorrow. 明天可能有风暴。
There used to be a hospital here. 原来这里有家医院。
He felt there must be something wrong. 他感到准有什么问题。
There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。
There ought to be a comma here. 这儿应有一个逗号。
4、动词be换成其他动词：
有时可将there be中的动词：be换为live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等：
如：Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Joe Beef. 从前有个人名叫乔·比夫。
There seems[appears] something the matter with her. 她好像是出了什么事似的。
There existed different opinions on this problem. 对这个问题曾有不同看法。
There remained just twenty-eight pounds. 只剩28英镑了。
At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 在小山顶上有一座古庙。
5、与其他动词搭配使用：
there be结构有时可与其他动词搭配使用，构成一种复合谓语：
如：There seemed to be nobody about, so I went in. 附近似乎没有人，因此我就走了进去。
There happened to be a man walking by. 恰好有一个人从旁经过。
therebe结构的非谓语形式：
基本结构：there be结构的非谓语形式有两种基本结构，即there being和there to be：
1、there being结构该结构的主要用法有：
(1)用作状语：
如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于没什么其他的事要干，所以我们就回家了。
There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于没有下雨，所以地面很干。
【注】有时可与状语从句转换：
如：There being no further business(=As there was no further business), I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了，我宣布闭会。
(2)用作介词宾语：
如：There is now some hope of there being a settle ment of the dispute. 现在有点希望可以解决这次争端。
2、There to be结构该结构的主要用法有：
(1)用作动词宾语：该结构可用作某些动词（如like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider等）的宾语：
如：I don't want there to be any misunderstanding. 我可不希望有任何误解。
Students hate there to be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。
【注】在let there be结构中，动词be不带to：
如：Don't let there be any noise. 不允许有任何吵闹。
Let there be no mistake about it. 这事不要出错。
(2)用作介词for的宾语：
如：They asked for there to be another meeting. 他们要求再开一次会议。
【注】用作介词宾语一般用there being，但用作介词for的宾语时，只能用there to be。
比较：They planned on there being another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。
They planned for there to be another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。
几个重要句型和结构：
1、There is no doing结构：
其意为“不可能…”、“无法…”：
如：There's no denying the fact. 这一事实不容否认。
There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。
There is no knowing what he will do next. 无法知道他下一步要干什么。
There was no telling when she would be back. 没法知道她什么时候回来。
2、There is no difficulty in doing sth结构：
意为“做某事没有困难”：
如：There is no difficulty in finding his office. 找到了他的办公室没费一点劲。
There was no difficulty in carrying out the plan. 执行这项计划没什么困难。
3、There's no doubt…结构：
意为“毫无疑问…”：
如：There is no doubt of his success. 毫无疑问他一定会成功。
There could be no doubt that he was one of the best writer in this country. 毫无疑问他是这个国家最优秀的作家之一。
4、There is no hurry(to do sth)句式：
其意为“不用急(于做某事)”：
如：There's no hurry to return the book. 现在不急于还书。
There's no hurry, so do it slowly and carefully. 不用赶时间，要慢慢细心地做。
5、There's no need for…结构：
其意为“不需要或不必要…”：
如：There is no need for help. 不需要帮助。
There is no need for you to go. 你没有必要去。
6、There is no question about...结构：
其意为“…是毫无疑问的”：
如：There's no question about his success. 毫无疑问他会成功。
There's no question about his honesty. 毫无疑问他是诚实的。
7、There is no question of doing sth句式：
其意为“做某事是不可能的”：
如：There is no question of his coming. 他不可能会来。
There is no question of our arriving on time. 我们不可能准时赶到。
8、There is no sense in doing sth结构：
意为“做某事没有道理或好处”：
如：There's no sense in criticizing him. 批评他也没有用。
There's no sense in waiting three hours. 等三小时是不没有道理的。
9、There's no point in doing sth句式：
意为“做某事没有用”：
如：There's no point(in) telling her about it. 告诉她没有用。
如：There's no point in wasting time. 耗时间没用。
【注】以上有的结构中的no根据情况也可换成其他限定词：
如：There is some difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事有些困难”。
There is much difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事许多困难”。
There's a need for… 意为“需要或有必要…”。
10、“there be＋名词＋动词”结构：
（1）there be+宾语+现在分词现在分词表示主动关系，同时表示动作正在进行：
如：There is some one waiting for him. 有人在等他。
There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。
There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
There were a group of young people working in the fields. 有一群青年在地里劳动。
有时现在分词可表示一种状态：
如：There's a piano standing against the wall. 靠墙有一架钢琴。
There're a lot of difficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。
There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。
有个别现在分词用于该结构时可以表示将来(正如它们可用进行时表示将来一样)：
如：There are ten people coming to dinner. 有10个人来吃晚饭。
（2）there be+宾语+过去分词过去分词表示一种被动关系，同时表示动作已经发生：
如：There is nothing written on it. 上面没写东西。
There were ten people killed in the accident. 事故中有10人丧生。有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构)：
There were some old men seated(=who were seated)in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。
There is a red car parked(=which is parked)outside the house. 房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。
（3）therebe+宾语+不定式不定式通常表示动作尚未发生：
如：There was nobody to look after the child. 没有人照顾这孩子。
There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人要来给他送行。
There was so much to lose that we couldn't take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失，因此我们不能冒险。
【注】当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主动表被动，也可用被动式：
如：There is much work to do[to be done]. 有许多工作要做。有时其中的不定式为系表结构：
There is nothing to be afraid of. 没什么可怕的。
What was there to be afraid of. 有什么可怕的?
There's nothing to be ashamed of. 没有什么值得羞愧的。
与“_____ no one in the house, the detective had to leave.[ ]...”考查相似的试题有：