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高中三年级英语

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  • 填空题
    辨析填空。
    dress / put on / wear / have on
    1. Today he _____ such a strange hat that his friends made fun of him.
    2. Do you know the pretty woman _____ sunglasses _____ in white over there?
    3. I washed and _____ and sat by the fire waiting for him.
    4. It's cold outside. You'd better _____ the overcoat before leaving.
    expand / extend / stretch / spread
    5. The boy _____ a rubber band to its fullest extent and aimed it at me.
    6. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison _____ to his heart.
    7. They signed an agreement that they should _____ the trade between the two countries.
    8. Australia _____ for about 4000 km from east to west and for about 3700 km from north to south.
    本题信息:2011年同步题英语填空题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “辨析填空。dress / put on / wear / have on1. Today he _____ such a strange hat that his friends made fun of him.2. Do you know the pretty woman ____...” 主要考查您对

单词、词组

动词的过去式

现在分词

动名词

过去分词

一般过去时

过去进行时

主谓一致

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 单词、词组
  • 动词的过去式
  • 现在分词
  • 动名词
  • 过去分词
  • 一般过去时
  • 过去进行时
  • 主谓一致

单词和短语

由两个以上的词组成的,没有完整的句子结构,但又有一定的语法和逻辑关系的词的组合就是短语或词组。短语又包括固定短语,和自由短语。
比如说,put off (推迟),look up(查阅,查字典)have a heavy heart(心情沉重)…我们都习惯称为短语或词组(phrase)。put off是由一个动词和介词组成的,但他在句子中充当一个动词的作用,也就是说在这个词组中,put 是词头(head of the phrase) 所以它是动词词组,或动词短语。


题型特点:

对于英语学习来说,词汇是基础,掌握并灵活运用英语单词对学好英语至关重要,它会直接影响到我们的听、说、读、写能力。从高考单词拼写试题来看,单词拼写把单词放在句中考查,不仅是单词拼写,而且还要考查单词的形式,即将单词的写与用结合起来。这一点主要是要求学生对词汇的应用要有所掌握,体现了学以致用,从而根据语境选用适当的词。因此,答题时必须认真阅读全句,弄懂句意,在理解的基础上考虑选用适当的词汇。所考词汇多为多音节词,多数单词均有不同的变化形式,一般不少于4个字母。

题型种类:

1、句子中被考查的单词突出,画横线,横线标有该单词的首字母,要求学生写出该单词的正确形式。
2、句子中被考查的单词突出,画横线,横线后的括号内注有汉语,要求学生写出该单词的正确形式。


例题解析:

(一)读懂句意,确定单词。
例如:The f____day of the week is Sunday. 该句意为“一周的第一天是星期天”,需要填的词的首字母是“f”,根据常识和序数词有关知识应填“第一”,故填 first。此类题还可考月份。
例如::September is the n ____ month of the year (答案:ninth)

(二)瞻前顾后,确定形式写出单词后,还要注意分析该单词是否需要变化形式。现分类说明如下:
1、名词一般考虑单、复数和所有格。
例1:Do you like white?We have shirts of different c____. 根据句意,可确定单词为“color”,通过前面的shirts和different两词可确定此处应用colors。
例2:September10 this T____Day. 根据句意,确定单词“Teacher”,它与Day之间存在所有格关系,将Teacher变为复数,再变为所有格,应填Teachers'。
2、形容调和副词这两类词学生极易混淆,做题时应仔细分析,慎重选择究竟用哪类词,有时还要考虑到形容词和副词“级”的变化。
例1:He was very a____with the man upstairs and began to shout, "Stop singing!" 根据句意,此处应填形容词原级angry。
例2:On Sundays, Children play h____in the park. 此处应填副词happily,副词修饰动词。
3、动词动词变化形式较为复杂,一般有五种:动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词,过去式和过去分词。可综合考查学生运用英语知识的能力。
例1:Thank you very much for l____me your bike. 介词后动词用-ing形式,故填lending。
例2:When he was ten, he became i____in maths. become interested in 为固定词组,意为“对……感兴趣”,故此处应填interested。
4、数词注意确定用基数词还是序数词。
例1:There are t____months in a year. 此处应用基数词twelve。
例2:December is the t____month of the year. 此处应填序数词twelfth。
5、代词主要从人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词和疑问代词几方面考虑,有时还要考虑用单数还是用复数。
例1:Help y____to some fish, Jim. 根据句意,此处应用yourself.
例2:"Help y____to some fish, please." Mrs Green said to the twins. 根据句意,thetwins为复数,故填yourselves。
6、连词若前后两个词或句子存在转折、因果、并列、选择等关系,一般应填连词。
例1:She didn't go to school yesterday b____she was il1. 从句和主句互为因果关系,故填because。
例2:The football match still went on t____it was raining heavily. 该从句为让步状语从句,故应填though。


解题技巧:

以下是解单词拼写的基本程序:首先要仔细审题,明确大意。在句子缺词的情况下,尽量弄懂句子大意并根据已给出的语境,判断出所缺的单词,试将该单词放入句子当中,看是否能使句子完整,句意明确。注意词性,写出词形。在解题过程中,要特别注意根据句子中所缺成分,判断所缺单词的词类。
1、名词,就要注意单复数;
2、动词,就要注意主谓一致、时态和语态的一致性;
3、形容词和副词,就要注意形容词和副词之间的转化规则;
4、词组和短语,就要注意固定搭配。
重读句子,验证答案。完成拼写后,要把句子重读一遍,检查句子是否通顺,单词拼写是否准确无误,单词形式是否正确,如名词的数、格,动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语形式,形容词、副词的级等。这一步很重要,因为差之毫厘,谬以千里。总而言之,高考单词拼写题既考查学生的词汇量,又考查学生在特定的语境中灵活运用词汇的综合应变能力。要想提高得分率,绝非一日之功。正如谚语所说:“Rome was not built in one day”。所以,考生应该以命题特点为指导,在平时的复习中运用构词法知识多读、多记、多练,并增强语感,辅以行之有效的解题方法,才能熟练掌握,灵活运用,避免出错。


题型拓展:

1、单纯的翻译题,考查考生对单词的记忆。
例句:The little girl is wearing a____ (粉红色的)dress. (正确答案:pink)
2、根据语境要求,填入所写单词的适当形式。
例句:The story was first written in English and later____ (翻译) into Chinese.(正确答案:translated)
3、从词在拼写上有可能存在的“盲点”(相对难写、难记)考虑命题。
例句:The book gives a short ____(描述) of the city.(正确答案:description)
4、在有可能出现多个近似答案的情况下,对词的用法进行甄别。
例句:Very few people ____(成功) in losing weight these days.(正确答案:succeed)
5、从词在用法上有可能存在的“盲点”(相对少见的用法,在一般规律中考查特殊)考虑命题。
例句:All the boys were standing up ____(笔直). (正确答案:straight)
6、侧重选择多音节词汇(构成各单词的字母数一般都超过了7个)命题,考查考生对多音节词汇的把握程度。
例句:One of ____ (邻居) kept a very beautiful garden. (正确答案:neighbours或neighbors)
7、侧重选择词义较为生僻或使用率偏低的词汇命题,考查考生对单词拼写记忆的广泛程度。
例句:He turned on the television set hanging from the____ (天花板). (正确答案:ceiling)
8、侧重从词音与词形不相吻合的部分命题(包括不发音字母),考查考生对单词拼写记忆的准确程度。
例句:I usually just have a____ (三明治) for lunch. (正确答案:sandwich)
9、能根据语境的要求,将所给的中文提示(该提示给人以名词或动词的假象)转译成正确的英语表现形式。
例句:I changed into my sports shoes so that I could walk more____(舒服). (正确答案:comfortably)
10、对近义词不同搭配用法的一般常识,在有可能出现多个答案的情况下,对词的用法进行反复推敲,考生应对最常用词汇的易混易错现象给予注意。
例句:A fence at the back of garden (分开) us from the neighbours.(正确答案:separates或separated)

动词过去式的概念:

用来表示动词过去时的动词形式,规则变化加是动词后加-ed,不规则的要单独记。


动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则:

一、规则动词的过去式变化如下:
1、一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed:
如:work-worked   play-played  wanted-wanted  act-acted
2、以不发音的-e结尾动词,动词词尾加-d:
如:live-lived     move-moved  taste-tasted    hope-hoped
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i再加-ed:
如:study-studied copy-copied  cry-cried   carry-carried
4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed:
如:stop-stopped
5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。
如:go-went     make-made     get-got    buy-bought   come-came    fly-flew

二、不规则动词的过去式的构成:

1、把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。
如:begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam
2、把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。
如:drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote
3、改动词原形中的aw/ow为ew,变成过去式。
如:draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)
4、动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。
如:get—got,forget—forgot
5、动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。
如:feed—fed,meet—met
6、动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。
如keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
7、动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。
如:break—broke,speak—spoke
8、动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。
如:sell—sold,tell—told
9、动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。
如:stand—stood,understand—understood
10、以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式。
如:bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11、以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。
如:can—could,shall—should,will—would
12、把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。
如:come—came,become—became
13、在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。
如:hear〔hi〕—heard〔h:d〕,say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕
14、动词的过去式与动词原形一样。
如: let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕
15、不符合上述规律的动词过去式。
如:am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,
go—went,have/has—had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took

三:过去式“-ed”的发音规则:
(1)动词词尾为“t,d”时,发/id/音。
如:want→wanted(要)need→needed(需要)
(2)动词词尾为清辅音时,发/t/音。
如:help→helped(帮助)laugh→laughed(笑)look→looked(看) kiss→kissed(吻)wash→washed(洗)watch→watched(注视)
(3)动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/d/音。
如:call→called(叫)stay→stayed(停留)cry→cried(哭)


be动词的过去式:

在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词,am,is的过去式为was;are的过去式为were.请看如下句型的构成:
1、肯定句:主语+was(were)+宾语
例:I was late yesterday.(昨天我迟到了。)
2、否定句:主语+was(were)+not+宾语
例:We weren't late yesterday. (我们昨天没迟到)
3、疑问句:Was(Were)+主语+宾语
例:Were you ill yesterday?(你昨天病了吗?)
4、肯定回答:Yes, I was. (是的,我病了。)
      否定回答:No, I wasn't. (不,我没病。)
5、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was(were)+主语+宾语
例:When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的?
【方法窍门】
be的过去式有四巧:
一是时间状语巧:表示过去的短语要记牢;
二是形式巧:单数was,复数were;
三是否定句结构巧:not紧跟was/were;
四是疑问句式巧:was/were向前跑(提前)。
【思路分析】
『一巧』 时间状语巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。
例如:yesterday, last night/week/month/year, last Saturday, the day beforey esterday, in 1998, five years ago等。
『二巧』 形式巧。它与一般现在时一样,形式多样:当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时,谓语动词用was;主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时,谓语动词用were。
例如:I was in the classroom yesterday morning. 昨天早上我在教室里。
            He was at school last Tuesday. 上周二他在学校。
            They were over there a moment ago. 刚才他们在那边。
『三巧』 否定句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时一样,它在动词后面加not即可变成否定句,并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasn't, weren't。即:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+表语+其他。
例如:I was not(=wasn't)here yesterday. 昨天我不在这儿。
            My parents were not(=weren't)at home last Sunday. 上周日我父母不在家。
『四巧』 疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首,句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即:Was(Were)+主语+表语+其他?这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。
例如:Were you at home the day before yesterday? 前天你在家吗?
            Was she late this morning? 今天早上她迟到了吗?
更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似,肯定回答用“Yes, 主语+was/were.”;否定回答用“No, 主语+wasn't/weren't.”。
例如:—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now? —刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗?
            —Yes, they were./No, they weren't.是的,在这了。


现在分词的概念:

现在分词(PresentParticiple)(又称-ing形式),是分词的一种,是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语)。一般式:doing;一般被动式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被动式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。


现在分词的用法:

1)做表语:
如:He was very amusing.
        That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2)作定语:
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:
如:That must have been a terrifying experience.
        I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句:
如:There are a few boys swimming in the river.
        There is a car waiting outside.
3)作状语:
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作:
如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. 
        Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
        Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句:
如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
        Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句:
如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
        Returning home, he began to do his homework. 
        Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
        Be careful when crossing the road.
        Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
        Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补:
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语:
例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如:I see him passing my house every day.
        I caught him stealing things in that shop.
        I smelt something burning.
        She kept him working all day.


现在分词其他用法解析:

1、现在分词一般式的用法:
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生:
如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
         Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔:
如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家,他决定留个字条。 
         He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时,现在分词通常位于句末。

2、现在分词完成式的用法:
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。
        Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。
注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔:
如:Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。
        Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式:
如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
(2)现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生):
误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window.

3、现在分词被动式的用法:
当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:
(1)现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
         I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
(2)现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
        Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
比较:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
            Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。


动名词概念:

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰,动名词有时态和语态的变化。


现在分词和动名词用法比较:

动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种形式。他们的句法功能如下:
动词的-ing形式如果作句子的主语或者宾语时,应该是动名词形式;如果作补语或者状语时,应该是现在分词形式。那么作表语或者定语的动名词和现在分词又该怎样区分呢?
1、动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较:
(1)动名词作表语说明主语的内容,回答what的问题;现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,说明主语的性质、特征等,回答how的问题。
如:One of the best exercises is swimming. 游泳是最好的运动项目之一。 
        What pleases him most is bathing in the sea. 最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。 
        The situation both at home and abroad is very in-spiring. 国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。
        The color is pleasing to the eye. 颜色悦目。
(2)动名词作表语,表语和主语几乎处于同等地位,可以互换位置,其句意不变;现在分词作表语,表语和主语则不能互换位置。
如:Our work is serving the people.
      (=Serving the people is our work.)我们的工作是为人民服务。 
        The news was disappointing. 那消息令人失望。
(3)作表语的现在分词前可以用very,quite,rather,greatly等副词修饰,而动名词则不可以。
如:What he said was very encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人心。
        Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future. 我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。
(4)现在分词与形容词一样可以和more,the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级,而动名词则不可以。
如:The story is the most fascinating. 那个故事最迷人。
(5)作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外,还可以和其它的系动词连用;而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。
如:His speech seems inspiring.他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。
        His interest is writing for the news papers. 他的爱好是给报社写文章。
(6)有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有:exciting,moving,inspiring,missing,interesting,disappointing等。
2、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较:
(1)动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系;
现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,常可以扩展成一个定语从句。
如:a swimming girl=a girl who is swimming 一个在游泳的姑娘
        a walking stick=a stick that is used for walking 一根拐杖
(2)现在分词作定语有时可以后置,而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The girl wearing glasses is one of his students. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。
        I bought some reading materials. 我买了一些阅读材料。


 动名词的用法:

1、作主语:
例如:Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 
2、作宾语:  
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。
例如:admit承认 appreciate感激 avoid避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay耽误 deny否认 detest讨厌 endure忍受 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱 fancy想象 finish完成 imagine想象 mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟 practice训练 recall回忆 resent讨厌 resume继续 resist抵抗 risk冒险 suggest建议 face面对 include包括 stand忍受 understand理解 forgive宽恕 keep继续
例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗?
        The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。     
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。
例如:admit to  prefer...to   burst out   keep on   insist on   count on   set about   put off   be good at   take up   give up   be successful in   be used to   lead to  devote oneself to   object to  stick to  no good   no use be fond of   look forward to  be proud of   be busy   can't help  be tired of   be capable of   be afraid of   think of
3、作表语,对主语说明、解释:
例如:Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较:She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4、作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途:
例如:a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
            a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。
例如:boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
            a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机


动名词知识体系:

 


动名词与不定式用法对比:

 


过去分词的概念:

过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。即:动词原形加-ed构成。
如:fallen leaves 落叶 
        boiled water 开水
        I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。


过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别:

两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同,但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。
如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:
如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。


过去分词的句法功能:

1、作定语:
如:I don't like the book written by Martin.
       Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 
注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语:
如:They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
        The window is broken. 窗户破了。
        They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别:The window is broken.(系表)
            The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。
如:boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语:
如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语:
如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
        Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
        Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件) 
        Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.  虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步) 
        Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。
        The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他开始撒种子。


现在分词与过去分词的区别:

1、分词作表语:
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有:
interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的 
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的 
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
        The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 
        The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语)
        We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)

2、分词作定语:
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
如:He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
        The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
        The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。
        He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,  returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

3、分词作状语:
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
        Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
        Smiling, they came in.
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如:Cleaned, the room looks nice.
        Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.  如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
        Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。


一般过去时的概念

一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。


一般过去时的用法:  

1、表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用。  
如:My family moved here five years ago. 我家五年前搬到了这里。  
        I was born in 1973. 我生于1973年。  
2、表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如:often,usually,always等连用。  
如:He always worked in tonight those days. 那些日子他总是工作到深夜。  
        I often left on business in 1987. 1987年我经常出差。  
:表示“过去经常,而今不再”时,要用usedto.
如:I used to read newspaper after breakfast. 我过去经常早饭后看报纸。(意指现在已不是这样)   
The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。  
3、表示过去发生的一连串动作。  
如:He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door. 他放下这沉重的箱子,掏出钥匙开了房门。  
注:过去发生的一连串动作,若用and,or,but等并列连词连接,则一律用过去式。  
如:They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have  supper. 他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。  
4、在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。  
如:He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information. 他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。         
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained. 玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。


一般过去时的特别用法

1、句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。
例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。  
            It is time that sb.did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"。
例如:It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。  
2、would(had)rather sb.did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow. 还是明天来吧。
3、wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)  
            Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)  
            Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)      
            Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。
例如:Did you want any thing else? 您还要些什么吗?   
            I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词could, would。
例如:Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?


过去进行时的概念:

过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:last night, last Saturday等;或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。


过去进行时的基本用法:  

1、主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作:
如:He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。  
        We were expecting you yesterday. 我们昨天一直在等你。  
        He was playing while I was studying. 我在做功课时他在玩。  
2、过去进行时表示现在:  
用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
如:I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。  
       We were hoping you would stay with us. 我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。      
        How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生,您打算花多少钱?  
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。  
3、过去进行时表示感情色彩:  
      与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与always, forever, continually等副词连用。
如:They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。  
        The boy was continually asking questions. 这个男孩子老是问东问西的。  
4、动词be的过去进行时:  
      动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。
如:He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)   
        He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)


过去进行时与一般过去时的区别:

(1)过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续,而一般过去时表示动作的完成。
如:He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)
        He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)
(2)表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时,但通常不用于进行时。
如:I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
(3)一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”;
而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示动作的重复,常带有感情的色彩。
如: He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。
          He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。
(4)有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时,但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的;
而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。
如:I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以为它会同意我们的。
        I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要说服他接受我们的建议。

:下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时:
1、表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。
如:Tom was getting up at six o'clock every day that week. 汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
2、与always连用表示赞美,厌烦等感情色彩时。
如:John was always coming to school late. 约翰上学总是迟到。
        LeiFeng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷锋总是为人民做好事。
3、用来描写故事发生的情景时。
如:It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.
       那是一个漆黑的夜晚,风刮得很厉害,雨下得很大,一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上,他想过河去。
4、when作并列连词,表示“(这时)突然”之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。
如:I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步,突然遇见了他。
       We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。
5、go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。
如:I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武汉。
       She was coming later. 她随后就来。


主谓一致的概念:

谓语的数必须和主语的人称和数保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。


主谓一致的基本原则:

1)语法一致原则,即在语法形式上取得一致。例如,主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。
例如:The students are very young.
            This picture looks beautiful.
2)意义一致原则,即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如,主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数,谓语动词也采取复数形式;
而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数,谓语动词也采取单数形式。
例如:The people in that country are fighting for independence.
            The crowd deeply respect their leader. 
            Three years in a strange land seems a long time.
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
例如:Neither hen or I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy.


几对容易混淆词组的一致用法:

1、由“this/thatkind/typeof+名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式;而由"these/thosekind/typeof+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。
例如:This kind of apples is highly priced.
            Those kind(s) of tests are good.
2、由“a number of,a totalo f,an average of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;由“the number of,the total of,the average of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如:A number of students are waiting for the bus.
            The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.
3、one of,the(only) one of的一致用法
例如:This is one of the books that have been recommended.
            This is the(only) one of the books that has been recommended.


 主谓一致用法点拨:

1、并列结构作主语谓语用复数:
如:Reading and writing are very important.
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题:
The League secretary and monitor___asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案:B.
注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A、C本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。

2、主谓一致中的靠近原则:
1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
            There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
例如:Either you or she is to go. 
            Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致:
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 
            He as well as I wants to go boating.

4、谓语需用单数:

1)代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。
例如:Each of us has a tape-recorder. 
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
例如:Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
            Ten yuan is enough.

5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数:
1)在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
例如:All is right. (一切顺利。)
            All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。
例如:family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。
例如:His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
            His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
例如:Are there any police around?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of+名词复数+复数动词。 The number of+名词复数+单数动词。
例如:A number of books have lent out.
            The majority of the students like English.

6、与后接名词或代词保持一致:

1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。
例如:Most of his money is spent on books.
            Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2)在一些短语,如many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。
但由more than…of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
例如:Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
            More than 60percent of the students are from the city. 百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市


主谓一致知识体系:

 


主谓一致用法拓展:

1)当everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everything,anything,something,nothing等用作主语时,其相应的代词一般用单数形式。
例如:If anybody calls, tell him that I'm out.
            Something strange happened, didn't it? 
2)人称代词与名词的呼应:人称代词I(me),he(him),she(her),it(it) 都是代替前面的单数名词,而they(them),we(us)则是代替复数名词的,you既可以代表单数,也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候,用he或one来表示。
例如:If a young person enters a classical music field only for money, he is in the wrong profession. 
3)物主代词与名词的呼应:my,our,his,her,its,their要与代替的名词在数上一致。
例如:The welfare department,as well as the other social services,will have its budget cut.
4)反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。
例如:Many primitive people believed that by eating ananimal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
5)指示代词与所代名词间的呼应:this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词,these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词,引导定语从句,表示“那些人”)。
例如:She invited all those who had been her former colleagues.
6)much和muchof后接不可数名词,而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。
例如:There is not much coal left.
            A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake.
7)表示量的词后面有的接可数名词,有的接不可数名词。
接可数名词的有:a number of,a rangeof,a series of十复数名词;
接不可数名词的有:a great deal of,an amount of十不可数名词;
既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有:a lot of,a variety of。
例如:1.The government attached a great deal of importance to education.
            2.Quiteanumberofwomenappliedforthisjob.
            3.The college library has avariety of books.
            4.An apple is avariety off ruit.