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初中三年级英语

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  • 句型转换
    句型转换。
    1. Do you sometimes listen to foreign music? (用ever 替换sometimes)
    ________ you ever_________ to foreign music?
    2. Beijing's roads were quite narrow in the past. (用recently替换in the past)
    Beijing's roads ________  _________ quite wide recently
    3. "Turn down the TV a bit, please!" Dad said to me. (改成间接引语)
    Dad ________ me ________ turn down he TV a bit.
    4. "Is there any fruit in the fridge?" Mrs White asked her husband. (改成间接引语)
    White asked her husband ________ there ________ any fruit in the fridge.
    5. Our geography teachers said to us, "The sun is the nearest to the earth of all the stars. (改成间接引语)
    Our geography teacher________ us________ the sun is the nearest to the earth of all the stars.

    本题信息:2007年同步题英语句型转换难度一般 来源:曾庆艳
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “句型转换。1. Do you sometimes listen to foreign music? (用ever 替换sometimes)________ you ever_________ to foreign music?2. Beijing's roads were qu...” 主要考查您对

实义动词的过去式

不定式

现在完成时

一般疑问句

直接引语,间接引语

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 实义动词的过去式
  • 不定式
  • 现在完成时
  • 一般疑问句
  • 直接引语,间接引语
表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。
动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。

实意动词过去式变化规则:

分类 构成 例句
一般情况下 在词尾直接加ed ask—asked
work—worked
以不发音的e结尾 只加d

love—loved

dance—danced

以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i,再加-ed try—tried
study—studied
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的
重读音节结尾的动词
先双写末尾一个字母,再加ed stop—stopped
permit—permitted
“-ed”的读音规则 1.在清辅音后面读[t],如:help—helped[helpt]
2.在浊辅音或元音后读[d],如:learn—learned
3.在[t]和[d]后读[id],如:want—wantedneed—needed
注:以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlled;
尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveled/traveled。
特例:picnic—picnicked,另外还有很多动词的过去式是不合乎上述规则的,常见的有:
常用的有:
begin—began,         bring—brought,        come—came,        draw—drew,
drink—drank,          drive—drove,          eat—ate,                feel—felt,
get—got,                  give—gave,              go—went,             grow—grew,
have (has)—had,      keep—kept,            know—knew,       leave—left,  
make—made,           read—read,            run—ran,               say—said,
see—saw,                sit—sat


几个特殊实意动词过去式用法:
a.beat的过去式与原形同形:   
beat(打击) 
beat(过去式) 
beaten(过去分词)   
b.lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同   
lie,lied, lied(说谎)   
lay, lain(躺,位于)   

c.hang有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同   
hang,hanged, hanged(处绞刑)   
hung, hung(挂,吊)   

d. welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词   
welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)   
welcome, welcome(误)   

e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词   
hit(打) 
hit, hit(正)   
hitted, hitted(误) 


实意动词过去式用法基本句式:
1.主+V-ed+宾+其它。。。(肯定句)
2.主+didn't+V原+宾+其它。。。
3.Did+主+V原+宾+其它。。。+?
4.回答:Yes,主语代词+didNo,主语代词+didin't.
5.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。
实义动词的一般过去时态:
肯定句要使用动词的过去式,否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did.

肯定句为:
主语+动词过去式+宾语    如:
I went home at nine o'clock yesterday.

否定句:
主语+didn't +动词原形+宾语  如:
I didn't go home yesterday.  He didn't tell me about you.

疑问句:
一般疑问句:
Did +主语+动词原形+宾语
如:Did you go home yesterday?  
Did you study in the school?
肯定回答: Yes, I did.    
否定回答:No, I didn't.

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did +主语+动词原型+宾语
When did you finish your homework last night?      
What did you do the day before yesterday?
动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
现在完成时:
过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式:
1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。
如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如:
—Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗?
—Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。)
3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如:
How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次?
提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如:
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)
→ Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型:
①for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
现在完成时特点:
1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如:
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。
例如:
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,
而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。
比较:
I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)

have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:
have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;
have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,
前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。
如:
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。

3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用.

4.不能与when连用.

现在完成时的用法:
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?    
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.

5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语+have / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了  
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。  
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to:去了没回
has been to :去过
has been in:呆了很久


一般疑问句:
是疑问句的一种。通常用yes,no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义,句末用升调。
其结构是:系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分? 
通常回答为:   
肯定:Yes+主语+提问的助动词   
否定:No+主语+提问的助动词+not 
例如:
Are you from Japan?   Yes, I am./No, I'm not.
Do you live near your school? Yes, I do./No, I don't. 
Can you speak French?  Yes, I can./No, I can't.
一般疑问句的特性:
1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am/ is/ are)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。
如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。如:
I'm in Class 2Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖
We're watching TV. →Are you watching TV﹖
2.陈述句中有情态动词(can、may、must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。如:
He can swim now. →Can he swim now﹖
The children may come with us. → May the children come with us﹖
3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如:
I like these animals. →Do you like these animals﹖
She wants to go to the movies. → Does she want to go to the movies﹖
4.一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)
5.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如:
Are they in town now﹖
I think so.
May I sit here﹖
Certainly.
Does he like soccer﹖
Sorry I don't know.
6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。
陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧:
根据一般疑问句不同的家族,可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。
1、第一家族:含be动词或情态动词的句子
秘诀:一调二改三问号
一调:即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前;
二改:改换主语称谓,即将句中的主语Imy minesweourours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称youyour yours等;
三问号:句末的句号改为问号。如:
Eg. I am an English teacher.    →    Are you an English teacher?
Eg. We can speak English fluently.   →    Can you speak English fluently?

2、第二家族:含行为动词(或称为实义动词)的句子
秘诀:一加二改三问号
一加:即在句首加助动词Do或Does;
二改:1、把谓语动词改为原形;2、改换主语称谓(同第一家组);
三问号:句末的句号改为问号。
Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?
Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?
特别注意:对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原,因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。

3、加强记忆口诀:
肯变一,并不难,can 或be提在前;
谓语若为行为动,do 或does句首用。
直接引语和间接引语:
引用别人的话有两种方式,一种是讲述别人的原话,并把它放在引号里,这叫直接引语;
另一种是用自己的话来转述别人,并且不能用引号,这就是间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。

直接引语和间接引语关系:
直接引语:直接引述别人的话(句子中有“”)。
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接引语”(句子中一般无“”) 
间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:
人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1.直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词that 引导。例如:
She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.
2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句,变成间接引语时,由连词whether或if 引导。例如:
He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.
注意:大多数情况下,if和whether 可以互换,但后有or not,或在动词不定式前,或放在介词后作连接词时,一般只用whether。例如:
She asked me whether he could do it or not.
He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如:
My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.
4. 直接引语是祈使句,变成间接引语时,把动词原形变成动词不定式,并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如:
The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.
注意:此种情况的否定句,在动词不定式前加not。
My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.

 一些注意事项:
(1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时,变为间接引语,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
(2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语,变为间接引语时,一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如:
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.

(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效,变为间接宾语时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.

(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作,
在变为间接引时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.

(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,
在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如:
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,
在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如:
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
 
(7)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如:
He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.
Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.


直接引语变间接引语:
A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句
1.连词
若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句,那么改为间接时,要用连词 that (可以省略)
……………….一般疑问句,…….,要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略)
……………….特殊疑问句,…….,要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身(不可省)
2.变化
(1)主句动词的变化
一般说来,主句谓语动词常为said或said to,变为间接引语时,当直接引语是陈述句时,said不变。
当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时,则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb.
(2)从句人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时,从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。
①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。
②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。
③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时,人称不变。例如:
①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus.
②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.
③His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.
(3)、从句动词时态的变化
a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。
①一般现在时→一般过去时;
②一般过去时→过去完成时;
③现在进行时→过去进行时;
④现在完成时→过去完成时;
⑤过去完成时→过去完成时(不变);
⑥一般将来时→过去将来时。例如:
The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
b. 直接引语变为间接引语时,如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如:
He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework.
She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day.
c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理,变为间接引语时,从句时态不变。例如:
The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
(4)、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词的变化为this→that, these→those等;
时间状语的变化为now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day等;
地点状语的变化为here→there;动词的变化为come→go(go 不要变come)。例如:
1. She said, “I will come this evening.” →She said that she would go that evening.
2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then.

B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth