主要是对单词、词组的一些理解掌握,集中出现的题型有:找出不同类的单词、判断正误、单词词组的英汉互译等。
小学英语单词记忆法:
在小学英语教学中,记忆单词是学生学习的最大障碍,尤其是低年级的学生,刚刚接触英语,死记硬背下来的方法既吃力,又很容易遗忘,掌握英语单词量的多少,直接影响着学习效果。
一、拼音式记忆法
如:数字“十”ten,可以让学生联想成ten的拼音发音。男人们“men”汉语拼音便是men……
二、谐音记忆法
1.单词读音谐音法
可能老师们都已经发现,刚接触英语的小学生会在你教的单词下面写上相应的汉语“谐音”(和汉语相仿的读音)大部分老师会阻止孩子们这样的行为,但我不认为这是错误的,我会根据他们的思路继续引导,在谐音的基础上画图、联想,三者结合,这样对单词的记忆就非常深刻,如:apple单词的汉语谐音是“阿婆”画图“一个阿婆手里拿着一个苹果”联想,看到图画联想到apple的读音,汉意。
2.字母音与汉字音相结合谐音记忆法
如讲述颜色单词红色red时,我会让学生记住一句话,阿姨地里的苹果红了……这一句话,不仅让学生加深了三个字母r,e,d的粗读,还记住了这个单词的顺序,同时又记住了这个单词的汉意“红色”,这样一句话,可谓一石三鸟,在实际的教学中收到了良好的效果……
三、形近串连记忆法
如tea茶叶,eat吃,teacher教师,meat肉,这些单词形近,于是我会让学生说,老师吃茶吃肉,这样一句话,让学生一下子便记住了四个单词。Purple people紫色的人们,
monday moon monkey星期一,月儿升,照猴子……
四、字母谐音及外形和故事结合记忆法
单词eleven “十一”很多同学记忆吃力,即便是当时记住了,可是很短时间又忘了,于是我便用这样一个办法来让学生牢牢记在了脑海里啊,不客气地说……这种方法想让学生想忘记都难呢,我是这样讲的:三个阿姨(e)走娘家,(她的娘家门牌号是11.)想知道三个阿姨带什么礼物给她们的娘吗?学生们此时齐呼,想……,于是,我接着说,她们的礼物可有意思啊,第一个阿姨带去了一把勾子(l这个字母形状像勾),第二个阿姨呢,竟带去了一把剪刀(v像剪刀),第三个阿姨特别有意思,把自己的大门扛了去……想必是娘家的大门坏了……要女儿去换哩……学生们听了后哈哈大笑……,我于是说,现在同学们把这个单词默写出来吧……,孩子们不过几秒钟,竟准确无误地连续写了好几遍……
五、循环记忆法
这种方法是一个传统的记忆方法,也是来是们使用的做多的方法,人的大脑有一个特点,对某个信息反复刺激才能记住,例如,三年级的学生我每天规定记忆的词汇量是五个单词,第二天记忆十个其中包括第一天的五个,第三天背十五个其中包括前两天的,照这样累计,这种方法也许对于孩子来说是枯燥无味的,但每个单词却都对大脑刺激无数次,从而记得比较牢。
六、浏览记忆法
所谓浏览就是将你要记忆的单词看一遍,但必须每天坚持看,时间不宜过长,一般控制在一小时以内,经过多次的浏览,单词汇很轻松的在脑海里留下印象。
七、同音记忆法
如 two,to,too(二,到,也) 、 write和right(写,正确 )、 see,sea(看,海)、meet和meat(碰见,肉)……
总之,记忆单词的方法很多,人们可以根据自己的习惯和文化背景进行记忆,每天背诵单词的时间和数量要根据俄自己的具体情况决定,背诵要选择一天中头脑最清晰、精力最充沛的时候进行。此外,记住单词虽然可以采取好的方法进行记忆,但背单词的三大宗旨不能忘:
1、贵在坚持;
2、遵循人的记忆规律,并根据艾滨浩斯遗忘规律,循环复习比一次性记忆有效。
3、背诵的词汇只有真正运用到听、说、读、写各方面才能将英语运用自如
小学单词汇总:
学习用品
pen pencil pencil-case ruler book bag comic book post card newspaper schoolbag eraser crayon sharpener story-book notebook magazine
人体
foot head face hair nose mouth eye ear arm finger leg tail
动物
cat dog pig duck rabbit horse elephant ant kangaroo monkey fish bird panda bear lion tiger sheep goat cow donkey
人物
friend boy girl mother father sister brother uncle man woman Mr Miss lady mom mother dad father parents
grandparents grandpa grandma aunt cousin son classmate principal university student pen pal pal people
职业
teacher student doctor nurse driver farmer singer writer actor actress artist TV reporter engineer
accountant policeman salesperson cleaner baseball player assistant policeman
颜色
red blue yellow green white black pink purple orange brown]
食品
rice bread beef milk water egg fish tofu cake hot dog hamburger noodles meat
chicken pork mutton vegetable soup ice-cream Coke juice tea coffee (breakfast lunch dinner)
水果,蔬菜
apple banana pear orange watermelon grape eggplant green beans tomato potato peach cucumber strawberry onion carrot cabbage
衣服
jacket shirt T-shirt skirt dress jeans pants socks shoes sweater coat shorts sneakers slippers sandals boots hat
交通工具
bike bus train boat ship car taxi yacht taxi jeep van plane subway motor cycle
杂物
window door desk chair computer board fan light teacher's desk picture wall floor curtain trash bin closet mirror end table
football present lamp phone sofa shelf fridge table air-conditioner photo plate knife fork spoon ball kite box violin e-card e-mail traffic light money medicine
地点
home room bedroom bathroom living room kitchen classroom school park library post office hospital cinema bookstore
farm zoo garden study playground canteen teacher's office gym washroom art room company factory fruit stand pet shop nature park theme park bank village city
国家
China/PRC America/USA England Canada/CAN
天气
cold warm cool snowy sunny hot rainy windy cloudy weather reporter
景物
river lake stream forest path raod house bridge building rain cloud sun mountain sky
植物
flower grass tree seed sprout plant leaf
星期
day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday weekend
月份
month January February March April May June July August September October November December year
季节
spring summer fall(autumn) winter
方位
south north east west left right
患病
have a fever hurt have a cold have toothache have a headache have a sore throat
数词
One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen
twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety first second third fourth fifth eighth ninth twelfth twentieth
形容词
big small long tall short young old strong thin active quiet nice kind strict smart funny tasty sweet salty sour fresh favourite
clean tired excited angry happy bored sad fine great heavy new fat happy right little lovely beautiful colourful pretty cheap expensive sick better
介词
in on under near behind next to over in front to from to for
代词
I me my we us our you your he him his she her it its they them their
动词
Play swim skate fly jump walk run climb fight swing eat like have turn buy take live teach go study learn sing dance row do homework watch TV read books cook the meals water the flowers sweep the floor clean the bedroom make the bed set the table wash the clothes do the dishes use a computer do morning exercises eat breakfast eat dinner go to school have English class play sports get up climb mountains go shopping play the piano visit grandparents go hiking fly kites make a snowman plant trees draw pictures cook dinner read a book answer the phone listen to music clean the room write a letter write an e-mail drink water take pictures watch insects pick up leaves do an experiment catch butterflies count insects collect insect collect leaves write a report play chess have a picnic get to ride a bike play the violin make kites collect stamps meet welcome thank work look help pass show use clean open close stop wait drive send feel become think wear put on go home go to bed play computer games do housework empty the trash put away the clothes get off(on) take a trip go on a trip read a magazine go to the cinema
疑问词
what(什么) what colour(什么颜色) what time(几点)
what day(星期几) how(怎样)how old(年龄多大,几岁)
how many(多少) how much (多少钱) how tall (多高)
how heavy(多重) how long(多长) how big(多大) how large(面积多大) who(谁) when(什么时候)
whose (谁的) where(在哪里) why(为什么)
which(哪一个)
be动词
am is are was were
助动词:do does did
情态动词
can should would will
一般现在时:
表示现在经常反复发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。可概括为
①经常性或习惯性动作;
②长期存在的特征或状态;
③普遍真理、客观事实等。
构成:
一般现在时用行为动词的原形,但第三人称单数作主语时,动词的词尾要加-S。
a. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
例:Li Ming always helps the old man. 李明一直帮助这位老人。
We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行上学。
They sometimes go fishing on Sundays. 他们有时周日去钓鱼。
b. 表示永恒不变的事实或真理。
例:A bird flies with wings. 鸟用翅膀飞翔。
c. 用在格言、谚语中。
例:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
一般现在时具体用法:
1.表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。
时间状语:
always,usually,every morning/night/evening/day/week/year,often,sometimes,
occasionally,from time to time,twice a week,rarely,seldom,once a month,hardly,ever,never.
e.g: I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning.
2.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。
e.g:I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
3.表示客观事实和普遍真理。
e.g :The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lives in the east of China.
4.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。
5.表示预先计划或安排好的行为。
6.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容,为了体现其“新鲜”性,也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。
7.有些表示状态和感觉的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时,只用一般现在时,而不用进行时态。
8.表示现在发生的具体动作或存在的状态
9表示格言或警句中。 e.g Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.
第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
一般现在时用法表:
第三人称单数的构成见下表:
词 |
构成 |
举例 |
一般情况 |
词尾+s |
动词原形 |
第三人称单数 |
work(工作) stop(停止) |
works stops |
以-ch, -sh, s, x, o结尾 |
词尾+es |
teach(教) wash(洗) dress(装扮) fix(安装) go(去) |
teaches washes dresses fixes goes |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 |
变y为i,再加es |
fly(飞翔) try(尝试) |
flies tries |
不规则变化have和be动词 变have为has 变be为am,is,are例: have-has; be-am,is,are
一般现在时的特殊用法:
一些动词可用一般现在时来表达现在进行时:
verbs of the senses: hear,see,taste,smell,feel
verbs of the thinking: believe,know,mean,realize,think,remember
verbs of the linking: dislike,fear,heat,like,love,want
verbs of the possession: belong,have,own,possess
一般将来时:
表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。
由“助动词will+动词原形”构成。“be going to+动词原形”结构是将来时的另一种形式,表示将要发生的事或者事先经过考虑打算去做某事。
例:We will go to Shanghai next year. 明年我们要去上海。
We are going to have a football match tomorrow. 我们明天要举行一场足球比赛。
Tom is going to have a bath. 汤姆要去洗澡了。
一般将来时常见结构:
1、will / shall + 动词原形(否定句在will/shall后加not)
will 常简略为 'll,并与主语连写在一起,如: I'll,she'll,he'll,it'll,we'll,you'll,they'll。
一般疑问句如用will you…?其简略答语须是Yes,I will或 No,I won't;如用 Shall I…?(较少见)其简略答语须是 Yes,I shall.或 No, I shall not.
这种方法一般单纯地表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。will用于各种人称;shall只用于第一人称。 例如 :
I will / shall go to visit him next week. 下周我将去拜访他。
What time shall we go there tomorrow? 明天我们几点去那儿?
2、be going to 动词原形
be going to 相当于一个助动词(其中be有人称和数的变化),与它后面的动词原形一起构成谓语。用来表示近期将要发生的动作以及计划、安排和打算要做的事。例如:
There is going to be a football match this afternoon.今天下午将有一场足球赛。
I‘m going to go to the park. 我将要去公园。
常用结构:
1、用于"I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder宾语从句"中。
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
不要担心这次考试,我确信你会通过的。
2、用于祈使句和陈述句中。
Work hard and you will succeed.
如果你努力,就会成功的。
3、与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用。
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.
他一到我就通知你。
be going to与will的区别:be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事,但它们有如下几点区别:
1. be going to 表示近期、将要发生的事情,will 表示的将来的时间则较远一些,如:
He is going to write a letter tonight.
He will write a book one day.
2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。
He is seriously ill. He is going to die.
He will be twenty years old.
3. be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如:
She is going to lend us her book.
He will be here in half an hour.
4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如:
If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you
注意
be going to和will在含义和用法上稍有不同。be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will多表示意愿,决心。两者有时不能互换。如:
She is studying hard and is going to try for the exams.她正努力学习并尝试参加考试。(is going to不能用will替换)
一般将来时一般用法:(1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。
例如:I will(shall) arrive tomorrow.我明天到。(主语是第一人称时最好用shall)
Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗?
We won’t (shan’t) be busy this evening. 我们今晚不忙。
(2)在一般将来时的句子中,有时有表示将来时间的状语,有时没有时间状语,这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。例如:
Will she come? 她(会)来吗?
(3)在以第一人称I或we作主语的问句中,一般使用助动词shall,这时或是征求对方的意见,或是询问一个情况(b):
a. Where shall we meet? 我们在哪儿碰头?
b. Shall we have any classes tomorrow?明天我们有课吗?
在这类问句中,近几年来也有不少人用will,特别是在美国。例如:
How will I get there? 我怎么去?
(4)be going to+ 动词原形
a.表示计划、打算、准备做的事。例如:
We are going to put up a building here.我们打算在这里盖一座楼。
How are you going to spend your holidays?假期你准备怎样过?
b.表示即将发生或肯定要发生的事。例如:
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪了。
常用时间状语:1)tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening
2)next year/week/month/hour/day/century
3)in+一段时间
4)in the future
5)this afternoon/Sunday/evening
6)from now on
7)one day,someday (未来的)某天
8)soon
不定式定义:
由to+动词原形构成。不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
“动词不定式”由动词+不定式构成。动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。
常见的有:like / love,want,need,ask,help等。
例:I like to play with Tom. 我喜欢和汤姆玩。
I want to play with Tom. 我想和汤姆玩。
I like to eat dumplings. 我喜欢吃饺子。
动词不定式一般结构:
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主语)
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做宾语)
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接宾语)
④The question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:
①When we shall leave…
③…how I could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:
consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
动名词与不定式的区别:
1 动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是:状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是:目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2 接不定式或动名词,意义相同。
3在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,
如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,
如:Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,
如:I soon began to understand what was happening.
④.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:
Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
4 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:
Don't forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
省to的动词不定式:
(1)情态动词( 除ought 外,ought to意思是“应该”,是情态动词,只有一种形式,后边接动词不定式,to不能省略。
ought to没有人称和数的变化,后接动词原形可以表示现在、将来或过去将来,由时间状语或上下文决定。例如:
They ought to come tomorrow.他们明天应当来):
(2)使役动词 let,have,make:
(3)感官动词see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补,省略to。
注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
在使役动词中get除外(get sb. to do sth.)
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
(4)表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather,had better,might(just) as well:rather than置于句首时。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike.
(5)Why… / why not…:
(6)help 可带to,也可不带to,help sb (to) do sth:
(7)but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
(8)由and,or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
(9)通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
(10)but作介词,后接不定式结构时,前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时,but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to。
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
(11)当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and,but或or连接时,后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时,则不能省略。
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
(12)不定式做表语时,一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时,符号to可省去。
We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.