关系代词的概念：

英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词，又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。
如：This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语，先行词是man） 
        The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
        A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
        He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.

关系代词用法：

1、that与which的用法区别：
      两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：
如：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。
（2）直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：
如：The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。
（3）当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时，通常用that：
如：There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。
        All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
（4）当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时，通常用that：
如：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
        Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
（5）当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词（包括last, next等）等修饰时，通常用that：
如：This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
        The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 
（6）当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：
如：China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。
（7）当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：
如：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
（8）当要避免重复时：
如：Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？

2、that与who的用法区别：
（1）两者均可指人，有时可互换：
如：All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。    
        Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
        He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。
（2）但是在下列情况，通常要用that： 
   ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时： 
如：I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
   ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：
如：Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？
   ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：
如：Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。

关系代词知识体系：

 

关系代词用法拓展：

1、as与which的用法区别：
(1)引导限制性定语从句时，在such,as,thesame后只能用as，其他情况用which：
如：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
        It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
        This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换：
如：I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。
(3)但在，在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时，两者不可换用：
①当从句位于主句前面时，只用as：
如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。
②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制：
如：He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。
        He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which则无此限制：
如：The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而which则无此限制：
如：She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自常。
        She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

2、who与whom的用法区别：
两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who为主格，whom为宾格：
如：Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里？
        The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。
但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用，或用who或that代之：
如：The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过，在以下几种情况值得注意：
(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用whom，而且不能省略：
如：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时，who和whom均可用，但以用whom为佳，此时也不能省略：
如：This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。

介词和介词短语的概念：

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。

误用介词的三种情况：

1、多用介词：
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错：
误：We discussed about the plan.
正：We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误：Did he mention about the accident?
正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误：I saw her enter into the bank.
正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误：He married with[to] a nurse.
正：He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误：How can contact with you?
正：How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误：We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误：Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正：Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误：He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正：He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词：
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等：
误：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误：He is not a man to be depended.
正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接着讲故事。
误：My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误：What he says is worth listening.
正：What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词：
错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当然的用错：
误：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地点)
正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误：He is engaged with a nurse.
正：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误：The sun rises from the east.
正：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误：Under his help, I finished it in time.
正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。
误：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误：We are familiar to his character.
正：We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误：Help yourself with the fruit.
正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。

介词的宾语：

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语：
如：Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗？
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注：若是人称代词用作介词宾语，要注意用宾格。
如：No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语：
如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语：
如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注：过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构，第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下，介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语，若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动)，可换用“being+过去分词”：
如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语：
如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注：介词后通常不接that从句，遇此情况需考虑用其他结构：
误：He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语：
如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视，他从不干任何事。
注：(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to，有时不带to，其区别是：若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；
若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语，但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构：
如：He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语：
如：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之，我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注：(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being：
如：He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配：in full全部地，全面地，无省略地； in private私下地，秘密地； in particular特别地；in general一般地，通常地，概括地； in brief 简言之；in short总之，简言之； in vain徒然地，徒劳无益地；for fee免费地，无偿地； for certain肯定地，确切地；for sure肯定地，确切地； for short为了简短，简称；atl arge自由自在地，逍遥法外； by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语：
如：I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿，我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语：
如：The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语：
如：Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注：通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较：I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语：
如：She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能：
1、表语：
如：He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注：有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语，不用作表语：
误：His absence is because of the rain.
正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是，若主语是代词(不是名词)，becauseof引出的短语可用作表语：
如：It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语：
如：Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？
3、定语：
如：This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语：
如：I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注：用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语：
如：He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语：
如：A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出时间。
6、主语：
如：Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注：介词短语通常不用作主语，尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语，但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略：
如：—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面？
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语，但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词：
即：Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.

从属连词的概念：

连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词。

英语从属连词用法分类详解：

1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词：
 （1）表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when, while, as, whenever：
如：He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。 
        We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。
        The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开，电话铃就响了起来。
（2）表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after：
如：Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。
        He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。
（3）表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till：
如：He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。
        Most men worked until[till] they're 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。
（4）表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等：
如：Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。
        I recognized her the moment(that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。
        I want to see him the minute(that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。
        I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。
       Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
（5）表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)：
如：Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候，他好像有病。
        Next time you're in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。
        Do look me up next time you're in London. 你下次到伦敦来，一定来找我。
        Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。
       You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。
【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词，(the)next time, (the)last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
2、引导条件状语从句的从属连词：
这类连词主要有if, unless, as[so] long as, incase等：
如：If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home. 要是有人打电话来，就说我不在家。
        You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。
        As[So] long as you need me, I'll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。
        In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。
【注】在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的if之后可能用will，但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)：
如：If you will wait a moment, I'll fetch the money. 请等一下，我就去拿钱。
3、引导目的状语从句的从属连词：
主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：
如：We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。
        Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。
        Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。
        He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。
4、引导结果状语从句的从属连词：
主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等：
如：We're all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。
        It's so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题，我们没有一个人能回答。
        He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。
【注】so that中的that在口语中通常可以省略。
5、引导原因状语从句的从属连词：
主要的有because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that)等：
如：He couldn't got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。
        Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion. 大家都到了，我们就开始吧。
        Seeing that it is 8o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点，我们将不再等了。
        Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。
6、引导让步状语从句的从属连词：
主要有although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等：
如：Although[Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。
        Though[Even though] it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活，但我乐意干。
        Even if you don't like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这杯吧。
7、引导方式状语从句的从属连词：
主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等：
如：Do it as[like] he does. 像他那样做。
        He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。
        They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。
        Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do.没有人像我这样爱你。
8、引导地点状语从句的从属连词：
主要有where, wherever, everywhere等：
如：There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。
        Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。
        Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。
9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词：
主要有than和as…as：
如：It's easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。
        They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。
10、引导名词性从句的从属连词：
主要有that, if, whether：
如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 
       Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。
       Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。
       She didn't say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。

从属连词知识体系：

 

用作从属连词的六类名词结构：

英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词，用以引导状语从句，且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类：
一、the+瞬间名词：
其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。
如：The minute he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。  
Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results. 你一有结果，马上给我打电话。 
I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累，一合上眼就睡着了。
Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice.她一听出是我的声音，马上就放下电话听筒。
注：其中的瞬间名词后可接that，也可省略。另外，有的个别副词（如directly/immediately等）也可表示类似意思。
如： Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。

二、the+季节名词：
其中的季节名词包括spring,summer,autumn,winter，其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。
如：His wife left him thes pring he went abroad.在他出国的那年春天，他的妻子离开了他。
He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob.在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。
He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born.在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。
She got married the autumn she graduated from college.她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。

三、the+时间名词：
其中的时间名词主要包括hour,day,night,week,month,season,year等，其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。
如： The hour he wa sin her office,he felt very sad.当他在她办公室的时候，他感到很伤心。
The day here turned home,his father was already dead.他回家的那一天，他的父亲已经死了。
The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting.就我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。
Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill.史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。
They ear helivedinthecountry,he learned alot.他在乡下呆的那一年，他学到了不少东西。

四、the+序数词+time
其中的序数词包括first,second,third,fourth等，其意为“当第几次……的时候”。
如： My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed.我头一次和女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。
These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman.我第二次见到她时，她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there,I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty.我第三次去那儿时，我发现他们都离开了，所有的办公室都是空的。
注：
1.next,last也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。
如： Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来，请关门。
Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2.thefirsttime,thesecondtime,thethirdtime等用作连词引导时间状语从句时，其前通常要有定冠词，而(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime引导状语从句时，其中的冠词可以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案是C，不是A：
I though ther nice and honest______Imether.
A.first time  B.fo rthe first time C.the first timeD.by the first time

五、不定代词+time
其中的不定代词主要包括each,every,any等。
如：Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged.我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。
Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money.每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。
He felt nervous each times he spoke to him.每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup.你无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要来看我。
注意：everytime,eachtime,anytime用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词，它与the first time,these cond time,the third time等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。

六、其他名词结构
以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句，有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句，如the way可用于引导方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”。如：
The didn’t do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did.乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。
注：这样用的theway与as用法相似。
如：Hold itin both hands,the way(=as)Mummy does.用两只手捧住，像妈妈那样。

动词短语的概念：

动词常和某些其他词类用在一起，构成固定词组，形成所谓短语动词(phrasalverb)。和动词一样，短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为一个整体看待，同一般动词一样使用。

 动词短语的搭配类型：

1）动词+介词：
这类短语动词用作及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
如：The small boy insisted on going with his parents. 那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。
        Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语广播吗?
        Look at the children. Aren't they lovely? 看着这些孩子们。他们多么可爱呀!
        We stand for self-reliance. 我们是主张自力更生的。
这一类的短语动词还有很多，如depend on(upon)(依靠)，wait on(服侍)，look for(寻找)，deal with(对待)，look after(照料)，wait for(等待)等。
2）动词+副词：
这类短语动词有的用作及物动词，有的用作不及物动词。
如：I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我总是一打铃就起床。(不及物)
        Look out, there's a car coming! 当心，来汽车了!(不及物)
        Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗?(及物)
        Please don't forget to put on your coat, it's cold outside. 请不要忘记穿外衣，外面很冷。(及物)
这一类的短语动词还有很多，及物如put out(扑灭)，eat up(吃光)，put down(放下)；不及物如set off(出发)，come up(走近)，go on(继续)。
注："动词+副词"这类短语动词和上面第一类"动词+介词"的不同之处在于："动词+介词"用作及物动词，后面须跟宾语。"动词+副词"则有的及物，有的不及物；用作及物动词而宾语为人称代词或自身代词时，副词往往放在宾语之后。
如：Please wake me up at five tomorrow. 请在明天早上五点唤醒我。
        If you have done your exercises, please hand them in. 如果你们练习做完了请交来。
        She doesn't normally behave like that, she's putting it on. 她通常并不如此表现，她是装出来的。
注：这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词用。
如：He took off his hat when he entered the office. 他进办公室后脱下帽子。(及物)
        The plane took off at seven sharp. 飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)
        Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting. 查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)
        If you can't come, please ring up and let us know. 你如来不了，请来电话告诉我们一声。(不及物)
3）动词+副词+介词：
"动词+副词"之后有的可以再加一个介词，形成另一种短语动词。这类短语动词用作及物动词。
如：Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment 不要失望。我们必须继续试验。(go on with继续)
        He came up to me. 他走到我跟前。(come up to走近)
这类短语动词还有：look down upon(看不起)，do away with(去掉)，put up with(忍受)等。
4）动词+名词+介词：
这类短语动词也是及物的。
如：He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet. 他在宴会上和宾客一一握手。
        Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after school activities.少先队员经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。
        Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice. 注意仓库里的稻谷的温度。
        Her job is taking care of the babies. 她的工作是照顾婴儿。
这一类短语动词还有：put an end to(结束)，take notice of(注意)，catch hold of(抓住)，lose sight of(看不见)，make use of(利用)等。

动词短语知识体系：

 

表语从句的概念：

用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有
从属连词that、whether、as though(if)；
关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等；
关系副词when, where, why, how, however, when。

表语从句用法：

1、表语从句的引导词：
引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if,as though,because等连词：
如：The fact is that he doesn't really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。
        The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。
        The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。
        That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。 
        It isn't as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。
        It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。
注：whether可此导表语从句，但与之同义的if 却通常不用于引导表语从句；because可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。

2、连词that的省略问题引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：
如：My idea is(that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。
        The trouble is(that) he is ill. 糟糕的

表语从句用法拓展：

名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。
例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how在表语从句中充当方式状语) 　　
            The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what在表语从句中充当宾语) 　　
            What I told him was that I would find him a good play.
            我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略) 　　
            That is what I want to tell you. 那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) 　　
            That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语)
注意：“That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结：
如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne.珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。//ThatiswhyIcame.这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：　　
（1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样：
如：That is(the reason) why I can not agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。　　
（2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果：
如：He did not see the film last night.
        That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因) 　　          
        He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)