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初中二年级英语

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  • 单选题
    We know that 8 _____ of the cases of blindness can _____.

    [     ]


    A. per cents; cure
    B. percent; cured
    C. percent; be cured
    D. percent; are cured
    本题信息:2011年期末题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “We know that 8 _____ of the cases of blindness can _____.[ ]A. per cents; cureB. percent; curedC. percent; be curedD. percent; are cured” 主要考查您对

分数

被动语态

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 分数
  • 被动语态
分数:
由基数词和序数词构成—分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子超过“1”时,分母用复数。
例如:a/onesixth(1/6),twothirds(2/3)

英语分数的表示法:
一、用“基数词+序数词”表示
1.分数在英语中通常是借助于基数词和序数词来共同表达的。其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母。
如:
The centimeter is one-tenth of the decimeter or one-hundredth of the meter.厘米是分米的十分之一,或者说是米的百分之一。
However,the number of boys will bea third or less than the girls in the class.但是,班里男生的人数将比女生少三分之一或更少。
从以上例子可以看出:
①分子除用one外,也可用a;
②如果分子大于1,分母要用复数形式。但是,1/2不能说a(one)second,而要说a(one)half。例如:
The sum of one half,one third and one fourth of a certain number is 13.某数的1/2,1/3和1/4的和是13。
1/4 和3/4可以说a(one)fourth和three fourths,但常用a quarter和three quarters表示。
③应该注意的是,分数修饰名词时,若该名词是不可数名词只能用单数;
④若是可数名词,用单数或复数均可。但是,若它们在句子中作主语,则谓语动词是用单数还是复数取决于名词,即与分数所修饰的名词保持一致。例如:
Only one-fifth of air consists of oxygen.氧气只占空气的1/5。
About two thirds of the students attendthe meeting.大约2/3的学生都参加了会议。
2.带分数也是常见的英语数词表达。所谓带分数,实际上是“整数+分数”,表达时分而述之,只是整数部分与分数部分要用连词and连接。
当带分数修饰名词时,该名词通常是复数,但若名词置于整数one或a之后,则用单数。
“带分数+名词”作主语时,谓语动词根据临近原则要用复数。例如:
You should finish the work within one and a fourth hours.你应在1.25小时内完成工作。
The atom breaks up in a minute and a quarter.原子在1.25分钟内裂变。

二、用percent等表示
表示百分之一可以说one(a)hundredth,但更常用one percent或percent,即用百分数表示法来表达。例如:
Our bodies are 65percent water.我们人体含65%水分。
Seventy-five percent of the earth'ssur- face is covered by water.地球表面的75%被水覆盖着。
Eighty-five percent of the students in English department are girls.英语系85%的学生是女生。

三、用part表示
名词part有“……分之一”的意思,分子大于1时,part用复数。表示分数的结构一般有以下三种:
1.“基数词(或a)+序数词+part(s)” a hundred part百分之一
2.“基数词+part(s)+in+基数词” five parts in one thousand千分之五
3.“基数词+part(s)+per+基数词” one part per million百万分之一

四、用“基数词+介词+基数词”表示
借助介词表示分数,介词前的数词是分子,介词后的数词是分母。例如:
1.Ninety- nine people out of a hundred,if they were asked who first found America,would answer Clumbus.
如果要问是谁首先发现美洲,一百个人中有九十九个(百分之九十九)将回答是哥伦布。
这种结构中的介词主要有in,out of,of 以及to
2.The map is drawn to a scale of one of ten thousand.
这张地图是按万分之一的比例绘制的。


英语分数表示法:
一般情况下,表示分数时,分子要用基数词,分母用序数词(first, second, third ...)。
如果分子大于1,分母必须用复数形式。
1. "1/2"或"一半"的表示方法:
用one half或a half表示。例如:
半英里:one (a) half mile或half one (a) mile
一个半小时:an hour and a half或one and a half hours (hour要用复数形式)

2. "1/4"的表示方法:
用one (a) quarter表示。如果分子大于1, quarter用复数形式。例如:
1/4  one (a) quarter
3/4three quarters

3. 如果分子大于1,分母要用序数词的复数形式。
如果分数大于1,要用整数部分+ and + 分数表示。例如:
1/3  one third或a third
5/6 five sixths
8 3/5 eight and three fifths

4. 比较复杂的分数用over表示。
分子(基数词)+ over + 分母(基数词)。注意这里分子、分母全用基数词表示。例如:
51/80 fifty-one over eighty
77/232 seventy-seven over two hundred and thirty-two

5. 用"分子(基数词)+ (out) of + every + 分母(基数词)"表示。这里分子、分母也全用基数词表示。例如:
1/7one of every seven
5/9five out of every nine
eg: An investigation showes that about two of every three students in this university are from China.
一项调查表明这所大学大约有三分之二的学生来自中国。

6. 用"分子(基数词)+ in + 分母(基数词)"表示。这里分子、分母也全用基数词表示。例如:
1/3 one in three
5/6 five in six
eg: Only about one in five books was written for children ranged from seven to ten years old.
只有大约五分之一的书是为七到十岁的儿童写的。

7. 用"表示减少意义的动词或词组+ 倍数"表示减少了n-1/n。例如:
eg: The time for the whole journey is shortened 3 times.
整个行程的时间缩短了三分之二(或缩短到原来的三分之一)。

8. 当分数后面接名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;如果小于1,名词用单数。
3 3/5 kilograms 三又五分之三千克(读作three and three fifths kilograms)
4/5 meter 五分之四米(读作four fifths meter)
5/6 inch 六分之五英寸(读作five sixths inch)
百分数表示法:
百分号%读作percent (per cent),无复数形式,数词要用基数词,应用时常与by连用。例如:

数字

表示法

6%

six percent

0.58%

(naught) point five eight percent

200%

two hundred percent

The output of petroleum went up by twenty percent.石油产量增长了20%。
The price of food was reduced by ten percent. 食品的价格下降了10%。
The loss of electricity has been reduced to less than thirty percent.电的损耗减少到30%以下。 
注意:
由"分数(或百分数)+ of + 名词"构成的名词词组作主语时,其后的动词形式依of词组中的名词类别而定。例如:
Two thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming. 三分之二的沼泽地已经开垦为农田了。
Over sixty percent of the doctors were women. 超过百分之六十的医生是女性。
语态:
是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构:
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
如:Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如:The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如:The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如:The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如: He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如:The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。

不用于被动语态的情形:
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如:A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如:My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如:We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
例如:The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
例如:Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
例如:The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如:This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 :

时态

被动语态 

一般现在时

am/is/are+过去分词

一般过去时

was/were+过去分词

现在进行时

am/is/are being+过去分词

过去进行时

was/were being+过去分词

一般将来时

will be+过去分词

过去将来时

would be+过去分词

现在完成时

have/has been+过去分词

过去完成时

had been+过去分词

情态动词

情态动词be+过去分词


情态动词的被动语态:
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
(一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
(二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
(三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
(四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
—Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
—Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
—Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)