分词：
就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词；尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词，具有形容词功能，同时又表现各种动词性特点，
如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，是一种非谓语动词形式。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：
现在分词表示"主动和进行"，过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
现在分词构成形式：
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing，如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词，先去e，再加ing，如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing，如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词，并且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写这一字母，再加ing，如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注：结尾是x则不必双写，如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词，要把ie变成y再加ing，如die→dying，lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ing，如picnic→picnicking，traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式：
1．规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ed，
picnic→picnicked ，traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词：见不规则动词表
分词用法：
1、分词作状语
分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。
①现在分词：
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
②过去分词：
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。
①现在分词：
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
②过去分词：
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语
分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
例：I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；
①过去分词：
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词：
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
独立主格结构：
是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
独立主格的形式:
一、一般独立主格形式
与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;
①名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
如：
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
②名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
如：
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
③名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
④名词/主格代词+形容词
如：
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
⑤名词/主格代词+副词
如：
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
⑥名词/主格代词+介词短语
如：
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
⑦名词/主格代词+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
二、- with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密
形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。
上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
三、- each引导的强调型独立主格:
形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式
这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词
如:
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive
四、其他形式 :
There being +名词（代词）
如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
It being +名词（代词）
如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
独立主格运用注意：
1.独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.
因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：
There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.
史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式.
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法：
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1.用作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.
工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2.用作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3.用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4.用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).
他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；
表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。