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初中三年级英语

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  • 填空题
    动词填空。
    1. How do you study Chinese? By ______ (read) a lot of books.
    2. You need _____ (wear) warm clothes, or you'll catch a cold.
    3. Students should be ______ (ask) to study hard.
    4. There are about eight ______ (million) people in our city.
    5. I'd wait for her to introduce _______ (she) to me
    6. If I _______ (be) you, I _______ (take) a long walk before going to bed.
    7. I spend half an hour _______ (watch) football matches.
    8. She 'd invite me _______ (have) dinner at her house.
    9. I listened to a song _______ (call ) Heart String.
    10. This book must belong to _______ (he).
    本题信息:2010年期中题英语填空题难度较难 来源:张雪
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本试题 “动词填空。1. How do you study Chinese? By ______ (read) a lot of books.2. You need _____ (wear) warm clothes, or you'll catch a cold.3. Students sh...” 主要考查您对

基数词

人称代词

反身代词

不定式

分词

动名词

虚拟语气句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 基数词
  • 人称代词
  • 反身代词
  • 不定式
  • 分词
  • 动名词
  • 虚拟语气句
基数词:
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词。
基数词的读法和写法:
(1).从1——10 one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten.
(2).从 11——19 eleven,twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen.
这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。
(3).从 20——99 整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。
表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-”
21读作: twenty-one  ;76 读作:seventy-six
(4).百位数个数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and.
101 读作:a hundred and one; 320 读作:three hundred and twenty ;648读作: six hundred and forty-eight
(5).千位数以上 从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加 million,第三个“,”前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。
2,648读作: two thousand six hundred and forty-eight
16,250,064读作: sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four
5,237,166,234读作: five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-four
(6).基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。
There are hundreds of people in the hall. 大厅里有数以百计的人。
Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day. 每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马俑博物馆。
基数词复数形式:
基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
a. 与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里;
如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
c. 表示"几十岁"为dozens of ages;
d. 表示"年代",用 in the 数词复数;
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

基数词表示口诀:
一二三特殊记,八去t九去e,
五和十二变ve,ti代ty,不要忘了e,
若说几十几,只变个位序数词,
最后都加th.

基数词的用法:
基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。
基数词主要表示事物或人物的个数。
The two happily opened the box. 两个人高兴地打开了盒子。(作主语)
I need three altogether. 我总共需要三个。(作宾语)
Four students are playing volleyball outside. 四个学生在外面打排球。(作定语)
We are sixteen. 我们是16个人。(作表语)
They three tried to finish the task before sunset. 他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。(作同位语)


人称代词:
人称代词是用来表示人的代词,有单数和复数之分,有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,也可作动词或介词的宾语。  
主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主语
宾格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作宾语
He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一个班级。
Can you see them in the street? 你能看见他们在街上吗?

人称代词在句中的作用:
1)主格作主语。如:
I am Chinese.我是中国人。
2)宾格作宾语,放在及物动词或介词之后,有时还可以在口语中用作表语。如:
①I don't know her.我不认识她。(动词宾语)
②What's wrong with it?它怎么了?(介词宾语)
③-Open the door,please.
3)作表语
作表语一般用主格, 但在口语中也常用宾格
I saw at once it was her.我一下子看到了她。
It's me.请开门,是我。(表语)
4)作同位语
作同位语是用宾格
We ,us ,there,will be able to fulfill the task.我们三人就能完成这项任务。


主宾格的替换:
一、宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。
  ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
  ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
  ---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
  ---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
  He is taller than I/me.
  He is taller than I am.

二、主格代替宾格
a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b.在电话用语中常用主格。
  ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
  ---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
  I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格)
  I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
  I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

人称代词用法:
一、人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,往往用在动词或介词后面。
例:1.Listen to me,Dad.
2.Peter is sitting behind me.
3.Let me got here now.
4.Give me an orange,please.

二、you既是"你"或"你们"的主格,又是它们的宾格;her既是"她"的所有格,又是它的宾格。我们可以根据它们在句子中的位置来判断它们属于主格、所有格还是宾格。

三、and是一个我们常用来连接两个词的连接词。它虽然与介词with有同样的意思,但它的前后可以是人称代词的主语,也可以是人称代词的宾格,而with只能跟人称代词的宾格。
如:You and I are going to school.
  You are going to school with me.

四、第三人称代词单数:er,sie,es 及 复数 sie 可指代人或物以及其它抽象概念等。此时,它们的性,数,格要与被指代的名词一致。

人称代词用法口诀:

人称代词分主/宾,只有八对要区分。
你(们)、它主/宾同一形,其余主/宾须分清。
谓语之前主格填,动/介之后宾格跟,
口语运用最灵活,表语也可用宾格。
人称代词并列现,注意顺序礼貌见,
二一、三一、二三一,第一人称最谦虚,
若把错误责任担,第一人称须当先。
动前主格动后宾,名前形容介后宾;
如果名词含在内,选用名物代就行。

人称代词并列用法的排列顺序:
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称→第三人称→第一人称
即:you and I;he/she/itandI;you,he/she/it and I
2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称→第二人称→第三人称
即:we and you;you and they;we,you and they


人称代词的变格形式

人称

单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

第一人称

I

me

we

us

第二人称

you

you

you

you

第三人称

he
she
it

him
her
it

they 

them


人称代词的形式:
在一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式,即常在动词原形后加-s或-es  
一、人称代词he,she,it是第三人称单数。如: 
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 
She has lunch at twelve. 她十二点吃午餐。 
It looks like a cat. 它看起来像只猫。 

二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语;是第三人称单数。如: 
①Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。 
②Beijing is in China. 北京在中国。 
③Uncle Wang often makes cakes. 王叔叔经常做蛋糕。 

三、单数可数名词或"this / that / the+单数可数名词"作主语时,是第三人称单数。如: 
①A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 
②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。 
③That car is red. 那辆小汽车是红色的。 ④The cat is Lucy's. 这只猫是露茜的。 

四、不定代词someone,somebody,nobody,everything,something等及指示代词this,that作主语时,是第三人称单数。如: 
①Everyone is here. 大家到齐了。 
②There is something wrong with the watch. 这块手表有毛病。 
③This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 
④That is an eraser. 那是一块橡皮擦。 

五、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。如: 
①The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。 
②The bread is very small. 那面包很小。 

六、当数字或字母作主语时,看作第三人称单数。如: 
①"6" is a lucky number. "6"是个吉利数字。 
②"I" is a letter. "I"是个字母。

反身代词:
是一种表示反身或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。
因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性质、数上保持一致。
它由第一人称、第二人称的形容词性物主代词和第三人称代词宾格,加上self或selves构成。


变为反身代词构成:
1、第一、二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词加上-self或-selves构成的。如:
I--myself we--ourselves you(单数)
-- yourself you(复数)-- yourselves
2、第三人称的反身代词是由人称代词的宾格加上-self或-selves构成的。如:
she--herself 
he --himself
it--itself 
they--themselves 
one--oneself
例句:
In his twenties, Charles began to write and soon became famous.查尔斯二十多岁的时候开始写作,很快就出名了
It is myself that solved all the problems.是我自己解决了所有的问题。
I want to dress myself warmly.我要穿暖和一点。

变化歌诀:
反身代词代自己,懂得规律很好记
单数人称加self,复数人称selves
一二人称都一样,所有格后加自己
第三人称不一样,要用宾格加自己


反身代词使用注意事项:
①反身代词不能做主语,但可作主语同位语,放在主语后或句末。如:
我自己去了电影院。
错:Myself went to the cinema .
对:I went to the cinema myself.
②反身代词可以作宾语的同位语
You can go and ask John himself.翻译:你可以去问约翰本人。
③反身代词可以作介词的宾语。
by oneself 全靠自己;
say to oneself 自言自语。
She learnt swimming all by herself.
她是自学游泳的。
She said to herself,"Who am I?"
她自言自语的说:“我是谁?”
④反身代词作动词的宾语
enjoy oneself 玩得高兴;
help oneself (to) 随便用……;
hurt oneself 伤害自己;
teach oneself 自学;
get dressed oneself 自己穿衣
seat oneself 就坐

反身代词用法口诀:
反身代词表自身,句中可作三成分
动介后面用作宾,表示动作回自身
句中强调同位语,主语宾语后变跟
系动be后作表语,这个用法要牢记

反身代词有的用法:
1、作宾语,此时的宾语指的就是主语。
A.非强调用法
这种用法通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。
它在句中作宾语,不能省略,否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句。例如:
(1)Jane is too young to look after herself.(简年纪太小,以至于不能照看自己)
(2)I teach myself English.(我自学英语)
(3)He didn't hurt himself, thank goodness.(他未伤了他自己,谢天谢地。)

B.强调用法
反身代词在强调用法中表示强调,即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气,可译成“亲自”、“本人”。
此时,它在句中作同位语。即使去掉,也不影响句子的完整性。例如:
(1)You must do it yourself.(你必须自己做)
(2)I myself did the homework last night。(昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业)

C.与by搭配
当反身代词与by搭配时,意为:单独地,没有人帮助的。例如:
(1)We must finish it all by ourselves.(我们必须全靠自己去完成。)
(2)He can swim all by himself.(他能独自一个人游泳。)

D.宾语转换为主语一定要记牢有些形容词需有反身代词
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
We enjoyed ourselves last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。

E.用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

F.注意:有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up,sit down ,wake up等。
注:反身代词和人称代词作宾语时具有不同的含义。如:
He saw himself in the mirror.他在镜子里看见了他自己。(himself 和 he 为同一人)
He saw him in the mirror.他在镜子里看见了他。(him 显然指另外一人)

2、作表语,此时的表语指的就是主语。可用在be,feel,seem,look等系动词之后,通常描述身体、精神等方面的感觉或状态。例如:
After a few days of rest,he was more himself again.
休息几天之后,他的身体好多了。
She does't look herself today.
她今天看上去神色不正常。
I am not myself today.
我今天不舒服。

3、作同位语,用来加强语气或表示强调,可译为“亲自”,“本人”。如果省去反身代词,句子含义也不会有实质性的改变。
这样用时,反身代词在句中的位置比较灵活,如果是做主语的同位语,可以紧跟在该名词或代词的后面,也可置于句末。
The thing itself is not important. 翻译:事情本身并不重要。

4、在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.

5、作主语
反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错)Myself drove the car.
(对)I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
例如:Charles and myself saw it.
反身代词不能做主语,但可以放在主语后或句末。
例如:I did it by myself.


 

 单数

复数 

 第一人称

myself 

 ourselves

 第二人称

 yourself

 yourselves

 第三人称

 himself
herself
itself

themselves 


动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
分词:
就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,
如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:
现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking

过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked ,  visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped  ,  drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked  ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表


分词用法:
1、分词作状语   
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。   
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。   
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.   
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. 
Given   better attention, the plants could grow better.   

2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构   
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。   
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for  the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……   
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it  well.   
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.   

3、分词作定语   
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。    
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.    
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!   
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.   
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.   
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with  developed countries   

4、分词作宾语补足语   
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.

5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.


动名词:
如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。


动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。


动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语 
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
     Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.   
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
No parking. (禁止停车)   
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语   
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
2.作介词的宾语   
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
3.作形容词的宾语   
The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping


动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态、语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being  written
完成式
having written
having been written

动名词使用注意事项:
1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
4) 有些词后只能接动名词
acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
例:remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
 forget与remember的用法类似。
 regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
 try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.
虚拟语气:
用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。
虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
初中阶段主要学习在条件句中的虚拟语气。
条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。

时间

条件从句 

主句 

例句 

与现在事实相反

If+主语+过去式(系
动词be多用were)

would
主语+should+V 
could

见①②句

与过去事实相反

If+主语+had+过去分词

Would
主语+should+have+过    
去分词 
could

见③④句

与将来事实相反

过去式    
If+主语+ should+V原 
were to+V

would
主语+should+V 
 could 
 

见⑤⑥句

例句:
① If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
② If I won a million dollars, I would give it to charities.
③ If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
④ If I had known that earlier, I wouldn’t have done it. 
⑤ If he should go to Tsinghua University, he would make full use of his time.
⑥ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.


虚拟语气误区:
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化;
2.省略if时,句子调整不正确;
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义;
4.陷在虚拟中出不来,把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。

省略虚拟条件:
1.省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首:
Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。
Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要,我会去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了。
【注】
① 若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词:
Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间,我会来的。(=If I had time…)

2.省略主语和动词be
若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词be,通常可将主语和动词be省略:
If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)

3.省略“it+be”
If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
如果需要的话,我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)

4.省略条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:
I might see her personally. It would be better.
我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)

含蓄条件句中
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如:
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件是otherwise)
Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
(暗含条件是介词短语without your help)
But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help)
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
(暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately)
(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如:
I would not have done it that way.
我是不会那么做的。(可能暗含if I were you)
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.)
You might come to join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。(可能暗含if I had the money)
But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。


条件状语从句用法及动词形式:
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句:If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg: 
1.If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你)
2.If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
3.If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)
4.If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没有带钱)
5.If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力)
6.she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。(事实:我并非陌生人) 
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句:If 主语+had+done
主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done
eg:
1.If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)
2.If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
主句:主语+should+do 
从句:
①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+did(动词过去式)/were
eg:
1.If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小)
2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:下雪可能性很小)
3.If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实:来的可能性很小)
4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
eg:
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如:
If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。eg:
Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。
Were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,but for…等  
eg:
But for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。
7、有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意,在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用was。
eg:If I were you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你,就会去找他。


虚拟语气的其他用法:
1、一想要( desire )
一宁愿( prefer )
一坚持( insist )
二命令( order , command )
三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend)
四要求( demand , require , request , ask)中,
无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:"should + do"。should可以省略。
eg:
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist 意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气;意为“坚持某种观点,某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。eg:
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
eg:
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2、表情绪、观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气。如:
necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。
句型:It is.......that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或 只用动词原型。
eg:
Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
注:这一点还没有准确的说法,希望善心人能把这点补充完全。
3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形,may/might可以省略,表示与现在相反的情况;
从句用过去完成时,表示与过去相反的情况,类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
eg:
Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。(事实:他没来)
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。(事实:华佗不在世)
4、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:指现在或将来:may +do。
eg:
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。
指过去:may +have done 。
eg:
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。
5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:
过去 had + done 
现在 过去时(be 用were )
将来 过去时(be 用were ) (would rather 将来情况用一般过去时)
eg:
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
注:注意would rather,had rather,would sooner的细微差别,可以百度一下查查。
6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:
It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do(优先使用动词过去式) ,即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
7、 简单句中的虚拟语气
(1) 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should +do。
eg:
Would you mind me shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗?
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。(委婉的不同意)
(2)表示“祝愿”时,常用may + 主语+ do。
eg:
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
(3)表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用do。
eg:God bless us. 上帝保佑。
(4)习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。eg:
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗?
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg:
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议。eg:
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。eg:
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗?
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:情态动词 + have done。
eg:
You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。