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高中二年级英语

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  • 改错题
    短文改错。
    Two years ago my friend Lisa bought expensive mountain bike,   
    that I liked very much. So she tried to persuade me to buy one,      
    but I can't afford it. From then on,I had been dreaming about       
    buy one. A week ago, my dream finally                        
    was came true. Then Lisa and I were determined to                
    take a great bike trip.It was the Mekong River where we wanted to    
    cycle along. Lisa was stubborn. Although he                    
    didn't know the best way getting to  places ,she insisted that        
    we began our journey from the source of the                      
    River.I know Lisa well. Once she has made up her mind, something can 
    change it.Finally, I had to give in.
    1. _____
    2. _____
    3. _____
    4. _____
    5. _____
    6. _____
    7. _____
    8. _____
    9. _____
    10. _____

    本题信息:2012年同步题英语改错题难度较难 来源:刘婷婷
  • 本题答案
    查看答案
本试题 “短文改错。Two years ago my friend Lisa bought expensive mountain bike, that I liked very much. So she tried to persuade me to buy one, but I can't ...” 主要考查您对

不定冠词

人称代词

不定代词

关系代词

介词和介词短语

情态动词

动词短语

动名词

一般现在时

强调句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 不定冠词
  • 人称代词
  • 不定代词
  • 关系代词
  • 介词和介词短语
  • 情态动词
  • 动词短语
  • 动名词
  • 一般现在时
  • 强调句

不定冠词的概念:

冠词是置于名词前,说明各词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词,它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种,一种是定冠词,一种是不定冠词。定冠词是the,不定冠词有两种形式,一是a,另一是an。不定冠词a用于辅音音素起首的单词前,an用于元音音素起首的单词前。如:a bike,  a dog,  an egg,  an elephant


不定冠词的特殊用法:

(1)用于序数词之前,表示数量或序数的增加:
如:Soon I saw a second plane.不久我又看到了另一架飞机。
        "This is the second time that I've read the book." “这是我第二次看这本书。”   
        "Do you want to read it a third time?"“你还想看第三次吗?”
(2)用于表示“非常”、“很”等意义的most前:
如:This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。
(3)用于物质名词前,使之转化为具体名词,表示“一种”、“一杯之量”等:
如:A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。 
        I'd like a tea, please. 我要来杯茶。
(4)用于抽象名词前,使之具体化,表示与该之相关的具体的人或事:
如:He was a success in business. 他事业成功。
        It's a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。
(5)用于指人的专有名词前,指某人、某人的作品或艺术品、…似(式)的人等:
如:A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
        He bought a complete Lu Hsun. 他买了一套鲁迅全集。
        He thought he was a Zhu Geliang. 他自以为是诸葛亮。
(6)用于某些由动词转化来或具有动作意味的名词前,表示一次、一番等义(通常与have,take,make,give等动词连用):
如:Let's go out for a walk. 我们出去走走吧。
如:Do you care for as moke? 抽烟吗? 
        Would you like a drink? 要喝一杯吗?
(7)有的不可数名词或本来带有定冠词the的名词,由于受定语的修饰,其前可用不定冠词,表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似akindof的意思:
如:have breakfast 吃早餐─have a quick breakfast 吃快餐
        the world 世界─a world like ours 像我们这样的世界
(8)构成短语表示数量:
如:a few apples 几个苹果
        a little money 一点点钱
        a lot of time 许多时间
        a great many friends 许多朋友


不定冠词与one的用法解析:

1、两者均可表示“一”的意思,有时可互换。
如:About a[one] thousand students attended the meeting. 大约有1000学生参加了会议。
注:在数字开头时,两者均可用;但若不是数字开头,则应用one,如不可说three thousand a hundred,而说three thousand one hundred  
如:A [One]Mr Smith wants to see you. 一个名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。(a Mr...与one Mr...同义,也可说a certain Mr...,但如果没有Mr这样的词,两者则不宜随便互换,否则含意会发生变化。
2、尽管两者均可表示“一”,有时也可换用,但毕竟由于两者的词性不同,用法不同,在多数情况下是不能互换的:
(1)从词性上看:a(an)是不定冠词,主要表示类别,即着重表示其后的名词是某物,而不是其他物;而one表示“一(个)”时是数词,主要表示数量,即强调在数量上是一个,而不是两个或多个。
比较:Give me a dictionary. 给我一本字典。
            Give me one dictionary. 给我一本字典。
前者强调的是,我要的是一本字典,而不是一本教材,也不是一本小说等;而后者强调的是,我要的是一本字典,而不是两本字典或多本字典)。
再比较以下一组表达在意义上的区别:
more than a year一年多 (如一年零三个月等)
more than one year 不止一年 (如两年或三年等)
(2)由于one是数词,着重数量意义,所以当要强调数量、进行数量对比或回答how many的提问时,均应用one,而不能用a(an)。
如:He has only one pen, but I have two. 他只有一枝钢笔,但我有两枝。
        I want one box, not five. 我想要一个盒子,不是要五个。 
        —How many friends do you have here? 你在这儿有多少个朋友?
        —Only one.  只有一个。
(3)在某些表达中,两者均可用,但含义不同:at a time 每次,同时    at one time 一度,曾经 as a man 就一个人的性格而论  as one man一起,同时,全体一致地
在某些表达中,两者均可用,虽含义相同,但表达不同:
on a hot summe rafternoon 一个炎热的夏日的下午(注意用介词on)
one hot summer afternoon 一个炎热的夏日的下午(注意不用介词on) 
an hour and a half一个半小时(通常不说one hour and a half)
one and a half hours 一个半小时
a minute or two一两分钟(通常不说one minute or two)
one or two minutes 一两分种
在绝大多数习语中,两者是不能换用的。如:
in a hurry 匆忙     once up on a time 从前     as a result  结果      all of a sudden突然    oneday 一天  
one by one一个一个地     one and all 全部,每个人   one and the same 完全相同的


英语不定冠词(a/an)的用法:

1、用a还是an:一般说来,辅音或半元音[j, w]开头的词要前用a。
如:He has a computer (watch). 他有一台电脑(一块手表)。
        He's a university student (European). 他是大学生(欧洲人)。
元音开头的词前要用an。
如:This is an egg (hones tboy). 这是一只鸡蛋(诚实的男孩)。
注意:有的字母(如a,e,f,h,i等) 或缩略词,若第一个音是元音也应用an。
如:He missed an "n" in the word. 他写的这个单词漏了一个n。
2、不要从汉语习惯出发,漏掉必用的a/an。
如:他父亲是著名诗人。
误:His father is famous poet.
正:His father is a famous poet.
3、用于转化为普通名词的专有名词前,表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等。
如:A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
        He bought a complete Lu Hsun. 他买了一套鲁迅全集。
4、用于转化为普通名词的物质名词前,表示相应的产品或种类,有时表示数量关系。
如:It’sagoodwine.这是(一种)好酒。 Twocoffeesandatea,please.请来两杯咖啡和一杯茶。
5、用于具体化的抽象名词前,表示与该抽象名词意义相关的人或事等。
如:The party was a great success. 晚会开得非常成功。
        It's a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件愉快的事。
6、用于某些由动词转化来或具有动作意味的名词前,表示一次、一番等意义。
如:Let me have a look. 让我看看吧。
        I'll give the car a good wash. 我要把车好好洗一洗。
7、用于序数词前表示数量或序数的增加。
如:He bought a second computer. 他又买了一台(即第二台)电脑。
        Later she borne a third son. 后来她又生了第三个儿子。
8、有的不可数名词或本来应该带定冠词(the)的名词,由于受定语(尤其是形容词)的修饰,其前一般要用不定冠词或改用不定冠词,表示某种状态,此时的不定冠词通常含有a kind of的意思。
如:have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast 吃快餐
        the world 世界→a world like ours 像我们这样的世界
注:有些不可数名词即使受形容词的修饰也不能用不定冠词,容易弄错的有:news(消息),advice(忠告),luck(运气),fortune(运气),work(工作),fun(娱乐,有趣的事),weather(天气),homework(家庭作业),housework(家务活),information(情报),behavior(行为),harm(伤害),damage(损害),progress(进步),furniture(家具),baggage(行李),luggage(行李),poetry(诗),scenery(风景)等。
9、两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时,只用一个不定冠词。
如:He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。
        There's a horse and cart on the road. 路上有一辆马车。
10、不定冠词可用来表示“类属”,这是其基本用法,它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况(有类似汉语的“举一反三”或“以此类推”的含义)。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。
如:马是有用的动物。
正:A horse is a useful animal.
正:The horse is a useful animal.
正:Horses are useful animals.
若不是说明每一个人和东西的情况,而是说整个类属,则不能用不定冠词,而要用定冠词。
如:The tiger is indanger of becoming extinct.老虎面临绝种的危险。
        Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.亚历山大·格雷汉母·贝尔于1876年发明了电话。


不定冠词知识体系:

不定冠词 a 1、辅音音素开头的单词前用a,否则用an。
2、泛指,表“一个”但概念比one弱。
3、表类别 a+可数名词单数,不译为“一”。
4、表示单位,相当于“每”的意思。
5、用于序数词前,表“又一,再一”。
6、用于某些固定词组中,a lot of等。
an

使用不定冠词和不用不定冠词的差异:

1、英语中的某些名词即可用作不可数名词,又可用作可数名词,但是含义不同,用法也不一样。
如:iron 铁;an iron 一个熨斗
        kindness 和善; a kindness 一件善事
2、“with+抽象名词”使用时相当于副词,抽象名词前不用不定冠词。
如:with pleasure  乐意地
        with kindness  亲切地
        with joy  高兴地
        with diffculty 吃力地
        with angry    生气地
但在“with+a+名词”结构中虽有不定冠词,却没有实际意义。
如:with a smile 微笑地
        with an effort 努力地
        with a light heart  愉快地

因汉语习惯用错不定冠词的几种情形:
(1)单数可数名词若泛指,其前需加a/an,不要按汉语习惯漏掉此不定冠词:
如:他是著名影星。
正:Heisafamousfilmstar.
误:Heisfamousfilmstar.
(2)不定冠词不能与指示代词、物主代词、所有格等连用:
如:我在公园遇到了我的一位朋友。
正:Imetafriendofmineinthepark.
误:Imetmyafriendinthepark.
(3)不要受汉语影响而用错不定冠词位置:
如:我从未读过如此有趣的书。
正:Ihaveneverreadsuchaninterestingbook.
误:Ihaveneverreadasuchinterestingbook.
误:Ihaveneverreadasointerestingbook.

不定冠词的省略与重复

(1)在不引起误会的情况下,两个并列名词中的后一个名词前的不定冠词可以省略:
如:The noun is the name of a person or thing. 名词是人和物的名称。
(2)当两个并列名词指的是同一个人时,后一名词前的不定冠词通常省略:
如:His father is a teacher and poet. 他父亲是位教师兼诗人。
但如果要强调这两种身份,也可后一个不定冠词:
His father is a teacher and a poet. 他父亲既是教师,又是诗人。
有时,由于两个并列的名词关系比较紧密、被视为一个整体,也可只用一个冠词:
A man and woman are walking arm-in-arm.一对男女手挽着手走着。
(3)两个形容词并列同时修饰一个名词时,若该名词指的是两个事物,则通常应分别使用两个冠词:
如:We have a black and a white cat. 我们养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
(比较:We have a black and white cat. 我们养了一只黑白花猫。)
但是,有时两个并列的名词只一个事物,为了加强语气,也有了两个冠词:
如:It was a cold and a dark night. 那是一个又冷又黑的夜晚。
(4)有些由两样东西构成的“自然成对”使用的事物,通常只在其前使用一个冠词:
如:a knife and fork一副刀叉 
        a cup and saucer 一副茶杯与茶托
        a horse and cart 一辆马车
        a needle and thread 一根带线的针
        hire a car and driver 租一辆配有司机的汽车
有时连第一个冠词也省略(尤其是与介词连用时):
如:with knife and fork 用刀叉
(5)当要对两个并列的名词进行选择和比较方面的强调时,通常应重复两个冠词:
如:Give me a pen, not a pencil. 给我一支钢笔,不是铅笔。
        Do you want a novel or a dictionary? 你是想要本小说,还是想要本字典?


人称代词的概念:

人称代词是替代我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们、她们、它们等人称的词。
人称代词分为主格和宾格形式,并有人称的单复数形式。按所替代人称的不同分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。


人称代词的用法:

人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如:I,you,he,she,we,they,等)和宾语(用宾格,如 me,you,him,her,us,them等)
如:He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。
:(1)在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用语。 例如:
        "Who is it?" "It's me."“是谁呀?”“是我。”
        He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
        He is as tall as her. 他和她一样高。
        It's me who did it. 这是我干的。但是,若than,as后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格。例如:
        He sings better than I do./ He is as tall as she is.
        (2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。
             "I' m tired.""Me too."“我累了。”“我也累了。”
             "Who wants this?" "Me."“谁要这个?”“我要。”
        (3)有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化。
             I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为 I like you better than he likes you. 之略。
             I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为 I like you better than he likes him. 之略。


人称代词主格、宾格、人称、单复数对比:

人称代词

单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

第一人称

I

me

we

us

第二人称

you

you

you

you

第三人称

he

him

they

them

she

her

them

it

it


人称代词的排序:

人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they:
You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。
We, you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。
但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I置于其他人称代词之前:
I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。
比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。
注意:you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。


人称代词知识体系:

 


人称代词用法拓展:

1、在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词。
As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。
(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)
2、人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语。
These small desks are forus students.这些小课桌是给我们学生的。
We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子常一起去看电影。
He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。


不定代词概说:

英语的不定代词有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。


不定代词用法对比:

1、so little与such little的区别:
用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little: 
如:He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。 
 I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。
2、some与any的用法区别:
一般说来,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some而不用any:
如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?
        Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?
        Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?
注:any有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:
如:Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。
        Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。
3、many与much的用法区别:
两者都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与few(少数)相对;
而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中: 
如:Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
        We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。
在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;
另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修饰,也可用于肯定句中:
如:Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。
        Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。
        You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。
        Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 
        I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。
4、few, a few与little, a little的用法区别:
(1)few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;
a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:
如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。
        It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。
(2)little和alittle之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似:
如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。
        Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
5、other, the other, another与others的用法区别:
这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下: 
(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other:
如:Give me another(one). 另外给我一个。 
        Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2)指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):
如:There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
       Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了?
(3)others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地the others大致相当于“the other+复数名词”:
如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
        He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4)another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时,则也可接复数名词:
如:We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
        In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
(5)与some对比使用时,用others(此时与some同义):
如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。


不定代词用法点拨:

1、指两者和三者的不定代词
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:
如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
        All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
        There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。
        He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。
        He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。
:each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。

2、复合不定代词的用法特点:
复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点:
(1)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:
如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。
        Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?
(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their:
如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
        If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
(3)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they:
如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?
(4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语,可用any one, every one(分开写):
如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)
        every one of the students(schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)

3、是any not还是not any:
按英语习惯,any以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:
误:Anyone doesn't know how to do it.
正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。
误:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it.
正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.这事谁也干不了。
误:Anything can not prevent me from going.
正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。

4、不定代词与部分否定:
不定代词all, both, every等与not连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none, neither, no one等。
比较:All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 
            Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
            All of the students don't like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
            None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。

5、all, both, each等用作同位语:
若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:
如:We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all修饰的主语是代词)
        The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all修饰的主语是名词)
        They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all修饰的宾语是代词)
但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)


不定代词知识体系:

 


不定代词与语境考题:

不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解:
例1:—Is____here?
        —No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A. anybody
B. everybody
C. somebody
D. nobody
解析:
若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?)

例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
解析:
此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。

例3:—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?
          —No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.
A. something
B. anything
C. everything
D. nothing
解析:答案:C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”

例4:—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.
          —Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
解析:
此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于the thing)。


关系代词的概念:

英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。
如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语,先行词是man) 
        The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
        A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
        He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.


关系代词用法:

1、that与which的用法区别:
      两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:
如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。
(2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:
如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。
(3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时,通常用that:
如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。
        All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
(4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that:
如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
        Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that:
如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
        The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 
(6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:
如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。
(7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:
如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
(8)当要避免重复时:
如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?

2、that与who的用法区别:

(1)两者均可指人,有时可互换:
如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。    
        Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
        He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。
(2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that: 
   ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时: 
如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
   ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):
如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?
   ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):
如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。


关系代词知识体系:

 


关系代词用法拓展:

1、as与which的用法区别
(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which:
如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
        It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
        This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:
如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
(3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用:
①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as:
如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。
②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制:
如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
        He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制:
如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制:
如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。
        She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

2、who与whom的用法区别:
两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格:
如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里?
        The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。
但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:
如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:
(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略:
如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略:
如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。


介词和介词短语的概念:

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。


误用介词的三种情况:

1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。


介词的宾语:

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.


情态动词的概念:

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。


几组词的辨析

1、need和dare的用法:
need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。
(1)用作情态动词:
 如:—Need I come? 我需要来吗?
         —Yes, you must. 需要。
         You needn′t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 
         I don′t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。 
         She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
         How dare you say I′m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平?
         Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。
(2)用作实义动词:
如:You don′t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
        We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
        The table needs painting(to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
        We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
        He did not dare(to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。
        I dare day he′ll come again. 我想他会再来的。
2、can和be able to:
(1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。
如:Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
(2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。
如:He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn′t feel like it that day.
        他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。
        Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
3、must和have to:
must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式,除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间,在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
如:I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。
        We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
4、would和used to:
(1)usedto表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。
如:People used to think that the earth was flat.  过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。) 
        She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.
        在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。)
(2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
如:He used to∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
        She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。


情态动词的基本用法:

1、can(could):
1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。
如:Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
        Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?
2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。
如:The temperature can fall to–60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至-60℃,也就是零下60℃。
        He can′t(couldn′t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。  
        You mustn′t smoke while you′re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 
        在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。
3)表示允许。
如:Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?
        He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
如:Where can(could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?
        He can′t(couldn′t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。
        How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?
5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
如:Can(Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?
        I′m afraid we couldn′t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
2、may(might):
1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。
如:You may take what ever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
        He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
        May(Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?
在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式:
如:Yes, please./Certainly. /Please don′t./You′d better not./No, you mustn′t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。
2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。
如:He may be at home. 他可能在家。
        She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
        He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。 
如:They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。
3、must:
1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。
如:We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
        You mustn′t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
         —Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗?
         —No, you needn′t./No, you don′t have to.不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn′t)
2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。
如:He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
如:She′s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot o fmoney. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。
4、shall:
1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
如:Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?
        Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?
        What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么?
2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
如:You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
        You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)
        He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
如:Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)
5、will:
1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。
如:I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
        None is so blind as those who won′t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
        If you will read the book, I′ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
2)表请求,用于疑问句。
如:Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。
        Won′t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?
3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
如:Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
        The door won′t open. 这门打不开。
        The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 
        那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。
6、should:
1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。
如:You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
        You shouldn′t waste anytime. 你不应该浪费时间。
2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。
如:The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。       
        They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
7、would:
1)表意愿。
如:They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。 
        I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
如:Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗?
        Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?
        They wouldn′t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
如:Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。
8、ought to:
1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。
如:You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。
        You oughtn′t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。
如:Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
        There′s a fine sun set; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。
9、used to:
表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。
如:He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。
        There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。
        I usedn′t (didn′t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。
        Used you(Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?

情态动词的其他用法:

首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。
用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形:
句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
如:We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。
        May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
        Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗?
        You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。


情态动词知识体系:

 


情态动词表推测的三种句式:

1、在肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许)。
如:He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 
        It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2、否定句中用can't/couldn't (不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
如:It can't/couldn't be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了
        He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。
3、疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。
如:Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?
        Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。

情态动词表推测的三种时态:

1、对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词+动词原形”。
如:She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.  5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
        She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
        她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
2、对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词+be”,“情态动词+bedoing”或“情态动词+动词原形”。
如:He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
        He can't(couldn't)/may(might) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
        Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can(could) he be late for the opening ceremony?
        布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
3、对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词+have+过去分词”。
如:It must/may/might/ could have rained last night. The ground is wet. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
        The door was locked. He can(could) not/may(might) not have been at home. 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。       
        Can/Could he have gotten the book?难道他找到书了吗?
:情态动词should/ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have+过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
如:It's seven o'clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
        现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)    
        She should/ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.(虚拟)
        她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 
        Tom should not/ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.(虚拟)
        汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。

动词短语的概念:

动词常和某些其他词类用在一起,构成固定词组,形成所谓短语动词(phrasalverb)。和动词一样,短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为一个整体看待,同一般动词一样使用。


 动词短语的搭配类型:

1)动词+介词:
这类短语动词用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。
如:The small boy insisted on going with his parents. 那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。
        Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语广播吗?
        Look at the children. Aren't they lovely? 看着这些孩子们。他们多么可爱呀!
        We stand for self-reliance. 我们是主张自力更生的。
这一类的短语动词还有很多,如depend on(upon)(依靠),wait on(服侍),look for(寻找),deal with(对待),look after(照料),wait for(等待)等。
2)动词+副词
这类短语动词有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词。
如:I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我总是一打铃就起床。(不及物)
        Look out, there's a car coming! 当心,来汽车了!(不及物)
        Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗?(及物)
        Please don't forget to put on your coat, it's cold outside. 请不要忘记穿外衣,外面很冷。(及物)
这一类的短语动词还有很多,及物如put out(扑灭),eat up(吃光),put down(放下);不及物如set off(出发),come up(走近),go on(继续)。
注:"动词+副词"这类短语动词和上面第一类"动词+介词"的不同之处在于:"动词+介词"用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。"动词+副词"则有的及物,有的不及物;用作及物动词而宾语为人称代词或自身代词时,副词往往放在宾语之后。
如:Please wake me up at five tomorrow. 请在明天早上五点唤醒我。
        If you have done your exercises, please hand them in. 如果你们练习做完了请交来。
        She doesn't normally behave like that, she's putting it on. 她通常并不如此表现,她是装出来的。
注:这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词用。
如:He took off his hat when he entered the office. 他进办公室后脱下帽子。(及物)
        The plane took off at seven sharp. 飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)
        Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting. 查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)
        If you can't come, please ring up and let us know. 你如来不了,请来电话告诉我们一声。(不及物)
3)动词+副词+介词:
"动词+副词"之后有的可以再加一个介词,形成另一种短语动词。这类短语动词用作及物动词。
如:Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment 不要失望。我们必须继续试验。(go on with继续)
        He came up to me. 他走到我跟前。(come up to走近)
这类短语动词还有:look down upon(看不起),do away with(去掉),put up with(忍受)等。
4)动词+名词+介词:
这类短语动词也是及物的。
如:He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet. 他在宴会上和宾客一一握手。
        Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after school activities.少先队员经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。
        Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice. 注意仓库里的稻谷的温度。
        Her job is taking care of the babies. 她的工作是照顾婴儿。
这一类短语动词还有:put an end to(结束),take notice of(注意),catch hold of(抓住),lose sight of(看不见),make use of(利用)等。

动词短语知识体系:

 


动名词概念:

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰,动名词有时态和语态的变化。


现在分词和动名词用法比较:

动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种形式。他们的句法功能如下:
动词的-ing形式如果作句子的主语或者宾语时,应该是动名词形式;如果作补语或者状语时,应该是现在分词形式。那么作表语或者定语的动名词和现在分词又该怎样区分呢?
1、动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较:
(1)动名词作表语说明主语的内容,回答what的问题;现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,说明主语的性质、特征等,回答how的问题。
如:One of the best exercises is swimming. 游泳是最好的运动项目之一。 
        What pleases him most is bathing in the sea. 最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。 
        The situation both at home and abroad is very in-spiring. 国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。
        The color is pleasing to the eye. 颜色悦目。
(2)动名词作表语,表语和主语几乎处于同等地位,可以互换位置,其句意不变;现在分词作表语,表语和主语则不能互换位置。
如:Our work is serving the people.
      (=Serving the people is our work.)我们的工作是为人民服务。 
        The news was disappointing. 那消息令人失望。
(3)作表语的现在分词前可以用very,quite,rather,greatly等副词修饰,而动名词则不可以。
如:What he said was very encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人心。
        Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future. 我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。
(4)现在分词与形容词一样可以和more,the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级,而动名词则不可以。
如:The story is the most fascinating. 那个故事最迷人。
(5)作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外,还可以和其它的系动词连用;而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。
如:His speech seems inspiring.他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。
        His interest is writing for the news papers. 他的爱好是给报社写文章。
(6)有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有:exciting,moving,inspiring,missing,interesting,disappointing等。
2、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较:
(1)动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系;
现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,常可以扩展成一个定语从句。
如:a swimming girl=a girl who is swimming 一个在游泳的姑娘
        a walking stick=a stick that is used for walking 一根拐杖
(2)现在分词作定语有时可以后置,而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The girl wearing glasses is one of his students. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。
        I bought some reading materials. 我买了一些阅读材料。


 动名词的用法:

1、作主语:
例如:Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 
2、作宾语:  
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。
例如:admit承认 appreciate感激 avoid避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay耽误 deny否认 detest讨厌 endure忍受 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱 fancy想象 finish完成 imagine想象 mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟 practice训练 recall回忆 resent讨厌 resume继续 resist抵抗 risk冒险 suggest建议 face面对 include包括 stand忍受 understand理解 forgive宽恕 keep继续
例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗?
        The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。     
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。
例如:admit to  prefer...to   burst out   keep on   insist on   count on   set about   put off   be good at   take up   give up   be successful in   be used to   lead to  devote oneself to   object to  stick to  no good   no use be fond of   look forward to  be proud of   be busy   can't help  be tired of   be capable of   be afraid of   think of
3、作表语,对主语说明、解释:
例如:Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较:She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4、作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途:
例如:a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
            a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。
例如:boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
            a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机


动名词知识体系:

 


动名词与不定式用法对比:

 


一般现在时的概念:

表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。


一般现在时的用法:

1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。常用的时间状语有every...,sometimes,at...,on Sunday等。
例如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
例如:The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 
            Shang hai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3)表示格言或警句。
例如:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例如:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
例如:I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。  
           Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。   
            I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。  
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。


一般现在时知识体系:

 


一般现在时用法拓展

1、一般现在时表将来:
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。   
       —When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开
       —It stars in ten minutes. ?十分钟后。
2)以here, there 等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。
例如:Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming. 车来了。   
            There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。
例如:When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。   
            I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that 等的宾语从句中。
例如:I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。   
            Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
2、一般现在时代替一般将来时:
When, while, before, fter, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case(that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。
例如:He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。
3、一般现在时代替一般过去时:
1)"书上说","报纸上说"等。
例如:The news paper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 
2)叙述往事,使其生动。
例如:Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了
4、一般现在时代替现在完成时:
1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write, understand, forget, know, find, say, remember等。
例如:I hear(=haveheard)he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 
            I forget(=have forgotten)how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2)用句型"It is…since…"代替"It has been…since…"。
例如:It is(=has been)five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。
5、一般现在时代替现在进行时:
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。
例如:There goes the bell.铃响了。

时态一致

 
1、如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。
例如:At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。 
            He told me last week that he is eighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 
2、宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare的时态是不变的。
例如:He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。


强调句的概念:

强调句 (The Emphatic Pattern) 是一种修辞,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调,从而起到修辞的作用。英语常用的强调结构有:It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+that/who...;what…be…句型;


强调句的使用:

一、强调句句型:
1、用It is/was...that/who...句型表示强调。
(1)陈述句的强调句型:It is/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
(2)一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
(3)特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分?
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
注:被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语)放在is/was的后面,如被强调的是人,则后面可用who,whom等代替。
如:原句:He met an old friend in the park yesterday.  
        强调主语:It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
        强调宾语:It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. 
        强调地点状语:It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. 
        强调时间状语:It was yesterday that he met an old friend in the park.
2、用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。
如:Do come early. 
        He did send you a letter last week.
        We're pleased that she does intend to come.
3、用主语从句+be+被强调部分,主语从句常用what引导。
如:What John wants is a ball.
        What Mary does every day is(to) give piano lessons.  

二、not...until...句型的强调句:
1、句型为:It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其它部分:
e.g. 普通句:He didn't go to bed until/till his wife came back. 
       强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是强调句型,till, until可通用;
因为句型中It is/was not...已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。

三、谓语动词的强调:
1、It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/does或did。
e.g. Do sit down.务必请坐。
      He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
      Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!
2、注意:此种强调只用do/does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。 


使用强调句型有以下几点请注意:

①强调句的谓语is或was永远用单数。
如:It was yesterday that I met your father in the street.
②不管被强调部分是哪种状语,只能用that连接,不得使用where、when等连词。
如:It was in the street that I met your father yesterday.
③被强调部分为人时,可用who(主格或宾格)和whom(宾格)代替that,用that也行。
如:It was your father that/whom/who I met in the street yesterday.
        It was I that/who met your father in the street yesterday.
④强调句中也要注意主谓一致、人称一致和否定转移的问题。
如:It is they who are our friends.
        It was not until ten o'clock that we got home last night.
⑤注意不要混淆强调句和其他从句。It is/was...that...为强调句标志,去掉后仍可组成一个完整的句子,只是没被强调,而其他从句一般不具备这一特征。
比较:1)It was ten o'clock when we got home last night. 我们昨晚到家时已十点了。
            2)It was at ten o'clock that we got home last night. 我们昨晚是在十点到家的。
第一句不是强调句,when不可改为that,因为去掉it was和that后,只能组成“We got home ten o'clock last night.”这样一个不完整的句子;第二句是强调句,that不可改为when。


强调句型用法拓展:

1、句首词用“It”,不能用“This”,“That”等。
2、be动词的形式是is或was,不能用复数形式are或were。若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时,则用is;
若原句的谓语动词用了过去时或过去完成时,则用was。
如:It___the Chinese women that___a great role in the socialist construction.
A. is; plays
B. are; play
C .is; play
D. are; plays
答案:C 
3、被强调的部分如果是代词,强调主语用主格,强调宾语用宾格。
如:It is him that/who/whom I met in the street yesterday.
        It is I who/that am wrong.
4、连接词一般用that,当强调部分是人时,既可用that也可用who。特别注意当强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时,不能用when或where。
如:It was on Oct1st, 1949 that People's Republic of China was founded.
        It was at the gate____he told me the news.  
        A. that
        B. what
        C. which
        D. when
答案:A
5、主谓一致问题被强调的主语要和that后面的谓语动词在数上保持一致。
如:It is Mary who often _____(help) me with my English. (helps)
        It is I that ____(be) against you. (am)
6、not...until结构的强调。
强调“not...until”引导的时间状语时,要用“it is/was not until...that...”结构,that后面的句子要用肯定式,且须用陈述句语序。 
如:We did not get off the bus until it stopped. ?
        It was not until it stopped that we got off the bus. (注意:强调该结构时not until不能分开)