本试题 “Andrew wanted to find another boy to be his best friend, but Annie told him ________.[ ]A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to” 主要考查您对不定式
省略句
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
动词不定式的概念:
动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。
不定式的特殊句型对比:
1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…:
1)too…to 太…以至于…。
例如:He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。
—Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
—Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为“不太”。
例如:It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语)
3)当too前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…等于very。
例如:I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to:
1)表示目的:它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如:Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果:
例如:Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型:Why not:
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不……? 干吗不……?
例如:Why not take a holiday?
不定式的用法:
1、不定式作补语:
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。
例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 等。
例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)
典型例题:Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
A. to invent
B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。 3)有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语:
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
5、不定式作状语:
1)目的状语:常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)...asto…(如此…以便…)。
例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
例如:I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因:
例如:I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件:
例如:He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
不定式知识体系:
不定式用法拓展:
1、用作介词的to:
to可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admit to object to beaccus to med to beused to stick to turn to开始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to
2、省去to的动词不定式:
1)情态动词(除ought外)后。
2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。
例如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3)would rather,had better句型后:
4)Why…/why not…句型后:
5)help后可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
6)but和except后:
but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:
8)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。
例如:He is supposed(to be)nice. 他应该是个好人。
3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如:Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
例如:It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如:It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。
例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard.(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)
省略句的概念:
在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。
简单句中的省略:
1、省略主语:
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。
如:(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法。
如:(I)Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
(It)Doesn't matter. 没关系。
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分:
如:(There is)No smoking. 禁止抽烟
(Is there)anything else? 还有其他事吗?
(You come)This way please. 请这边走。
(Will you)Have a smoke? 抽烟吗?
3、省略宾语:
如:—Do you know Mr. Li? 你认识李先生吗?
—I don't know (him.) 我不认识他
4、省略表语:
如:—Are you thirsty? 你30岁了吗?
—Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5、同时省略几个成分:
如:—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗?
—(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。
(I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好运/祝你顺利。
省略句在复合句中的应用:
一、并列复合句中的省略:
并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。
如:The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman.
这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework.
汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主从复合句中的省略:
1、状语从句中的省略:一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:
1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;
2)由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;
3)由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4)由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;
5)由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
连词(as,as if, once)+名词;
连词(though, whether, when)+形容词;
连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语;
连词(when, while, though)+现在分词;
连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词;
连词(as if,as though)+不定式。
如:Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.
庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。
Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。
He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
注意:
①当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。
如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
②当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容词的结构。
如:Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2、定语从句中的省略:
1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略;
如:Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which, whom不可以省略。
比较:Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when, where,和why经常用that来代替,甚至还可省略。
如:This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss.
这是他第一次麻烦老板。
He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday.
他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
Could you tell us the reason(why/that) he was so unhappy?
你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的the way时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或in which,或将它们全部省略。
如:I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her.
我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3、宾语从句中的省略:
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。
如:I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order.
他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2)由which, when, where, how, 和why引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。
如:I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)
他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4、在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略:
如:Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms.
法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5、主句省略多用于句首:
如:(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6、在答语中,主句可全部省略。
如:—Why were you absent from school last Friday?
—(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.
—上周五你为什么没有上学?
—因为我妈妈病了。
动词不定式省略:
1、保留to的场合:
(1)不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:
love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。
如:—You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
—你本该在离开前谢谢她。
—我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。
You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做,你可以这么做。
(2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:
ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。
如:The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。
(3)不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:
happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。
如:—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat).
—我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?
—没关系,我很愿意。
(4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。
如:He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。
2、省略to的场合:
(1)主语部分有to do,系动词is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。
如:The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
(2)作介词but, expect, besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,不定式通常省去to。
如:He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable.
他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。
(3)主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。
如:All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。
(4)当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。
如:It is easier to say than to do. 说起来容易,做起来难。
(5)在would rather...than...等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略。
如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
(6)在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。
如:I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间。
Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
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