本试题 “"You'll have to wait for two hours, _____ is, at about 11:30, _____ the medical report will come out,"the doctor said to me.[ ]A. that; whenB. whic...” 主要考查您对关系副词
非限制性定语从句
插入语
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
关系副词的概念:
关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用,在不及物动词的连接中要求用关系副词。关系副词有when, where, why。
关系副词的特点:
关于副词用于引出定语从句,主要有when, where, why:
如:Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。
That's the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。
Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗?
注:关系副词用于引出定语从句,且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因。
使用关系副词应注意的几点:
(1)how不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于theway后表示方式:他说话就是那个样子。
误:This is the way how he spoke.
正:This is how he spoke./ This is the way(that, in which)he spoke.
(2)关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句,可用for which reason)。
(3)引导定语从句时,when的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason),但是反过来却不一定:
如:Don't forget the time(that) I've toldyou.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。
Do you know the house(that) he bought recently? 你知道他最近买的那座房子吗?
Please tell me there as on(that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。
关系副词的用法:
关系副词有when, where, why,作用有三个:
1、连接主句与从句;
2、代替先行词;
3、在从句中作状语,不可省略。
When和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。Why只能引导限制性定语从句。这些关系副词在意义上都相当于一定得“介词+which”结构。
1)when=at/in/on/during,在定语从句中作时间状语。
例如:Tell me the time when(at which) the train leaves.
注意:
①当表示时间的先行词在从句中中作主语或宾语时,不能用when。
例如:I will never forget the days I spent with your family.
②It/This/That+be+the first/second/last time that…句型中,that是习惯用法,不能用 when代替,that还可以省略。从句中使用与“be动词”呼应的完成形式。
例如:It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall.
2)where表地点,只能跟在表示地点的名词后,它在定语从句中作地点状语。
例如:This is the second school where I used to teach.
注意:
①引导词where可用that替换,并经常可以省略。
例如:That's the place(where/that) we went before.
②当表示地点的先行词在句中作主语或宾语时,不用where,用关系代词that或which。
例如:The factory that/which we visited yesterday was built last year.
③where可与from连用。
例如:His head soon appeared out of the second story windows, from where he could see nothing but rees.
3)why表原因,引导的从句修饰名词reason。Why可用that或forwhich替换或省略。
例如:I don't know the reason(why/for which/that) he left here.
非限制性定语从句的概念:
非限制性定语是对被修饰名词或代词的附加说明,它不是必需的,如果去掉,也不会影响句子的意思,它与被修饰名词之间通常用逗号分开。
如:The travellers, knowing about the floods, took another road. 游客们知道发了大水,都改道走了。
The boys, wanting to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些男孩子想踢足球,因为下雨感到失望。
非限制性定语从句用法:
1、引导非限定性定语从句时,只能用which(不用that)。
例如:Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy.
热是另一种形式的能量,与其他形式的能量一样重要。 (从句表补充说明,而且关系代词which不能换成that。)
2、引导非限定性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指前面整个句子的含义。
例如:That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布,却已传得沸沸扬扬。(句子中的which指“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。)
3、除which外,还可用when,where,who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。
例如:After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我曾度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。
Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World WarII, when Jews were badly treated in Germany.
第二次世界大战期间,爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国,那时犹太人在德国受到不好的对待。
4、在限定性定语从句中作宾语时,引导词可以省略,但引导非限定性定语从句的关联词不能省。
如:He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.
他急于想去医院看望他的继母,他把他的继母当作亲生母亲一样热爱和尊敬。
The American journalist(whom/who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters.
播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。
两例中的关系代词都在从句中作宾语。由于第二例是限定性定语从句,可以省略关系代词;第一例中的引导词不能省略,因为它引导的是非限定性定语从句。
5、表示“正如”的含义时,通常用as引导非限定性定语从句,也可用which引导;但置于句首时,只能用as引导。
如:China has basically succeeded in defeating SARS, which/as we have expected.
正如我们所预料的那样,中国已基本上战胜了“非典”。
As is well known to everybody, Tai wan is an inseparable part of China.
众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
但是当非限定性定语从句是否定含义时,就只能用which(而不用as)引导。
如:He didn't win the championship, which I hadn't expected.
他没获得冠军,这一点是我没预料到的。
非限制性定语丛句中as, which的区别:
1、which引导非限制性定语丛句代表前面的整个句子的时候,一般是对主句的结果的说明。
如: He grows too fast, which makes him taller than his classmates.
2、as引导非限制性丛句代表前面整个句子时一般来讲丛句的谓语动词有三种:
A. 含有be动词:
如:He failed the exam, as is natural.
B. 实意动词的被动形式:
如:As is reported, the fire caused a great loss.
C.感官动词和意识类动词如:
如:see, hear, notice, know, learn, realize 等。
As you know, I am a teacher.
3、as可翻译为正如,它引导的丛句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后;which引导的该丛句只能位于主句之后。
例1:__A___he realized, I was very useful to him.
例2:This elephant is like a snake, ___A__anybody can see.
例3:The sun gives us light and heat, __B___makes the plan tgrow well.
A. As(as)
B. which
C. that
D. who
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:
定 |
限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
1、不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。 | 可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。 | |
2、可以用that引导。 | 不可以用that引导。 | |
3、关联词有时可以省略。 | 关联词不可以省略。 | |
4、不用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开。 | 用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开。 | |
5、只能修饰先行词。 | 可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。 |
非限制性定语从句的关系词:
关系代词 | 指代对象 | 指代人 | 指代物 |
主格 | who | which, as | |
宾格 | whom | which, as | |
所有格 | of, whom, whose | which, of which, whose | |
关系副词:when, where |
非限定性定语从句的使用规则及注意事项:
1、which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
2、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which。其中,介词的选用,依据从句中的动词所需搭配的介词来选用。例句:
① Attitudes towards day dreaming are changing in much the same way that(inwhich)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
② I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
③ We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3、as有时也可用作关系代词。
4、在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that。
插入语的概念:
所谓插入语,就是指插在句子中间,对句子起补充或附加的说明的成分。一般说来,插入语与句中其他部分没有语法上的联系,若将其去掉,句子结构仍然完整。插入语在句中主要起解释、说明、总结等作用,此外还可用于表示说话者的态度和看法、起强调作用、引起别方的注意、转移话题、承上启下等。
插入语的几种类型:
一、形容词(短语)作插入语
如:Sure enough, she was there. 果然她在那里。
Strange to say, he is still ignorant of it.说也奇怪,他还不知道这件事。
Mostimportantofall,theseactivitieshavestrengthenedtheirtieswiththeworkingpeople.最重要的是,这些活动加强了他们和劳动人民的联系。
二、副词(短语)作插入语
如:I'm seeing him in May一or rather early June. 我5月份见他——更确切地说是在6月初。
We must be back be foremidnight;otherwisewe’llbelockedout.我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。
三、介词短语作插入语
Hedoesn’tmind.Infact,heisverypleased.他不介意,实际上他很高兴。
Bytheway,doyouknowwhereMarylives?顺便问一下,你知道玛丽住在哪里吗?
Theboyisnotfoolish.Onthecontrary,Ithinkheisveryclever.这孩子不愚蠢,相反我认为他很聪明。
Alotofuswanttoleavenow—Bill,forexample[=forexample,Bill].我们很多人现在都想走——比如,比尔就是一例。
四、v-ing分词(短语)作插入语
Generallyspeakingchildrenliketowatchtelevision.一般说来,小孩子喜欢看电视。
Judgingfrom[by]hisaccent,hemaybefromthesouth.听他的口音,他可能是南方人。
五、不定式短语作插入语
Tobeginwith,Idonotlikeitscolour.首先,我不喜欢它的颜色。
Totellthetruth,thefilmwasagreatdisappointmenttome.说实在的,那部影片使我大为失望。
Tomakealongstoryshort,weagreedtodisagree.长话短说,我们同意各自保留不同的看法。
六、句子(陈述句和一般疑问句等)作插入语
Believeitornot,theygotmarriedsoon.信不信由你,他们不久就结婚了。
Helearnseasily,andwhat’smore,herememberswhathehaslearnt.他学习起来很容易,而且他所学习过的都记得住。
Hedidn’tgo,that’stosay,it’snotrecordedthathedid.他没去,换句话说,他去了这个事实无案可查。
插入语用法例题解析:
插入语是一种独立成分,通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系,插入语大都是对一句话进行附加说明或解释,通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,常置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。下面举例归纳插入语的几种用法。
例1:____the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
解析:本题答案为C. generally speaking为分词短语,意思是“一般来说”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:许多分词短语可以用作插入语,这样的分词短语有:strictly speaking(严格地说),generally considering(一般认为),judging from……(根据……判断)等。
例2:Two middle-aged passengers fellin to the sea.____, neither of them could swim.
A. In fact
B. Luckily
C. Unfortunately
D. Naturally
解析:本题答案为C. unfortunately为副词,意思是“令人遗憾地,不巧,可惜”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有:indeed(的确),surely(无疑),however(然而),frankly(坦率地说),obviously(显然),naturally(天然地),luckily(happily)forsb.(算某人幸运),fortunately(幸好),strangely(奇怪),briefly(简单地说)等。
例3:Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard, ____, you failed.
A. in the end
B. after all
C. in other words
D. at the same time
解析:本题答案为C. in other words为介词短语,意思是“换句话说”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的介词短语有:in conclusion(总之),in a word(简而言之),in short(简而言之),in general(一般说来),in a sense(在某种意义上),in my view(在我看来),in his opinion(按照他的看法),in fact(事实上),at first(首先),in addition(此外),of course(当然),to my surprise(使我惊奇的),to her regret(使她遗憾的),for example(例如)等。
例4:It is so nice to hear from her.____, we last met more than thirty years ago.
A.What's more
B. That is to say
C. In other words
D. Believe it or not
解析:本题答案为D. believe it or not为一分句,意思是“信不信由你”,在句中作插入语。
小结:用简短的句子结构作插入语,它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有:I am sure(我可以肯定地说),I believe(我相信),do you know(你知道吗),you see(你明白),I'm afraid(恐怕),it is said(据说),I suppose(我想),what's more(而且),what's worse(更糟糕的是),that is(也就是说),what is important(重要的是)等。
例5:____with you, I have no money to spare.
A. To be frank
B. What's more
C. In addition
D. However
解析:本题答案为A. to be frank为不定式短语,意思是“坦率地说”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的不定式短语有:to be sure(无疑地),to sumup(概括地说),to tell the truth(老实说)等。
例6_____, he should have done such a thing.
A. Speakinggeneral
B. Strangetosay
C. Luckily
D. Ofcourse
解析:本题答案为B. strange to say为形容词短语,意思是“说也奇怪”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有:true(真的),funny(真可笑),needless to say(不用说),mos timportant of all(最为重要),worse still(更糟糕的),even better(更好)等。
插入语的几种类型:
1)形容词(短语)作插入语:
能用作插入语的形容词(短语)常见的有:true,wonderful,excellent,strangetosay, mostimportantofall,sureenough等。
如:True, it would be too bad. 真的,太糟了。
Wonderful, we have won again. 太好了,我们又赢了。
2)副词(短语)作插入语:
能用作插入语的副词(短语)有:indeed,surely,still,otherwise,certainly,however, generally,personally,honestly,fortunately,luckily,though,besides,exactly, perhaps,maybe,probably,frankly,orrather等。
如:When he got there, he found, however, that the weather was too bad. 可是到了那儿之后他发现,那儿的天气太坏了。
Otherwise, he would still be at home. 不然的话,他还会在家的。
3)介词短语作插入语:
能用作插入语的介词短语有:in fact,in one's opinion,in general,in a word,in other words,in a few words,of course,by the way,as a result,for example,on the contrary,on the other hand,to one's surprise,in short,as a matter of fact, in conclusion,in brief等。
如:You can't wait any more-in other words, you should start at once. 你不能再等了—换言之,你得立即出发。
On the contrary, we should streng then our cooperation with them. 相反,我们应该加强和他们的合作。
4)V-ing(短语)作插入语:
能用作插入语的V-ing(短语)常见的有:generally speaking,strictly speaking,judging from by,talking of,considering等。
如:Generally speaking, the weather there is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. 一般来说,那儿的气候冬天不太冷,夏天不太热。
Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist. 从衣着来判断,他可能是个艺术家。
5)不定式短语作插入语:
能用作插入语的不定式短语有:to be frank,to be honest,to be sure,to tell you the truth,to make matters worse,to sumup,to start with,to begin with等。
如:To be frank, I don't quite agree with you. 坦率地说,我不太同意你的意见。
To tell you the truth, I'm not so interested in the matter. 跟你说实话,我对这件事情的兴趣不大。
To sumup, success results from hard work. 总而言之,成功是艰苦努力的结果。
6)句子(陈述句和一般疑问句)作插入语:
能用作插入语的句子有:I am sure,I believe,I think,I know,I suppose,I hope,I'm afraid,you see,what's more,that is to say,as we know,as I see,believe it or not等。
如:Some animals only half-hibernate, that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one. 有些动物只是半冬眠,就是说,它们的睡眠并不是深度睡眠。
I believe, China will catch up with the developed countries sooner or later. 我确信,中国迟早会赶上发达国家。
He can't pass the exam, because he doesn't study hard.
What's more, he isn't so clever. 他不能通过这次考试,因为他学习不认真,更何况他又不太聪明。
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