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高中一年级英语

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    Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used ________ weddings.
    A.to celebratingB.to celebrateC.celebratingD.celebrate

    本题信息:英语单选题难度一般 来源:未知
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本试题 “Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used ________ weddings.A.to celebratingB.to celebrateC.celebratingD....” 主要考查您对

现在分词的被动式

现在分词

不定式的被动式

过去分词

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 现在分词的被动式
  • 现在分词
  • 不定式的被动式
  • 过去分词

现在分词的被动式概念:

现在分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。


两种现在分词的被动式:

现在分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。根据现在分词动作发生的时间,现在分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。
如:The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
        Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后,他把烟戒了。
注意:在need, want, require, beworth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的现在分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
如:Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
         This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。


现在分词被动式的用法:

当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:
(1)现在分词一般式的被动式。
主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? 
        I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
【注】有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
(2)现在分词完成式的被动式。
主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作:
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
比较:Being soill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
            Having been ill for a long time he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。


现在分词的概念:

现在分词(PresentParticiple)(又称-ing形式),是分词的一种,是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语)。一般式:doing;一般被动式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被动式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。


现在分词的用法:

1)做表语:
如:He was very amusing.
        That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2)作定语:
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词:
如:That must have been a terrifying experience.
        I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句:
如:There are a few boys swimming in the river.
        There is a car waiting outside.
3)作状语:
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作:
如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. 
        Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
        Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句:
如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
        Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句:
如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
        Returning home, he began to do his homework. 
        Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
        Be careful when crossing the road.
        Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner.
        Having finished her work, she went home.
4)作宾补:
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语:
例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。
如:I see him passing my house every day.
        I caught him stealing things in that shop.
        I smelt something burning.
        She kept him working all day.


现在分词其他用法解析:

1、现在分词一般式的用法:
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生:
如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
         Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔:
如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家,他决定留个字条。 
         He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时,现在分词通常位于句末。

2、现在分词完成式的用法:
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。
        Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。
注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔:
如:Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。
        Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式:
如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
(2)现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生):
误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window.

3、现在分词被动式的用法:
当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式:
(1)现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
         I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
(2)现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。
如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
        Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
比较:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
            Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。


不定式的被动式的概念:

如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式要用被动式。如:The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained.


不定式被动式的用法:

一、基本形式:
不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done;若表示动作先于另一动作之前,则用完成式,即to have been done。

二、用法归纳:
不定式被动式在句中可以用作:
1、主语:
如:It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴,甚是荣幸。
        To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事,不是坏事。
        It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。
2、表语:
如:All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。
        Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。
        The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。
3、宾语:
如:She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。
        He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。
        I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。
        They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。
4、定语:
如:I made notes of the things to be mended. 我记下了需要修补的东西。
       The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be hired. 黑人是最先被解雇,最后被雇用。
5、状语:
如:He asked to be kept in formed about developments. 他要求随时向他报告发展情况。
        As she waited to be served, she became very impatient. 她在等候侍者送饭时,很不耐烦。
        She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里,被告知他们度假去了。
6、宾语补足语:
如:He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。
        He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运
7、主语补足语:
如:The court was ordered to be cleared. 有命令要关闭法庭。
        The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 不许将书携出室外。
8、用在“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构中。
如:It's an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。
        It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。
        It's impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。
        The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room201. 这个字条就是请指派一个搬运工到201室去。
        Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? 你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?


动词不定式的被动式之注意点:

 一、注意形式与功用:
不定式的被动式为“to be+过去分词”,表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,具有被动含义。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。
如:It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。
        I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望有人请我去参加晚会。
        Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗? 
        In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present.为 了被选中,他给他们每人都送了礼物。
        The problem seems to be solved soon. 问题好像快要解决了。

二、与不定式的主动式的比较:
1、表示义务的概念,句子的主语是要做的动作或接受动作的人或物时,要用不定式的被动式。
如:These sheets are to be washed. 这些床单要洗一洗。
        The cleaning is to be finished by mid day. 要在中午前打扫完毕。
2、不定式作定语与被修饰词是主谓、动宾、同位等逻辑关系时,多用其主动式。
如:Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting?(=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting主谓关系) 明天要在会上发言的那个男孩在哪里? 
        I have got a letter to write.(=that I will write动宾关系,尤其谓语动词为have, give, bring等时) 我有封信要写。
       Give me a pen to write with.(=that I can write with不及物动词加上相应的介词)给我一枝笔写。
注意:如果动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现,应用不定式的被动式。
如:I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗?(动作执行者不是you)
3、在there be结构中,用不定式的主动式和被动式意义一般差别不大,但有些还是有差别的。
如:There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book. 关于这本书大有可说。
        There is nothing to see. 没有什么可看的了。
        There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即“什么也没看见”)
4、修饰作表语或宾补的形容词的不定式,常用主动式表示被动含义。
如:I don't think English hard to learn. 我认为英语不太难学。

三、双重被动结构有些被动结构后接不定式作宾语、宾语补足语等时,仍然含有被动含义,就得用双重被动结构:
如:The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家认为工作很快就完成了。

四、动作发生的时间不定式多表示未来动作或情况,其被动式也不例外,上述各例皆有体现,尤其是改为定语从句时多为将来时的被动语态。另外我们还要注意以下两点:
1、表示被动关系时,当不定式的动作先于谓语时,可用不定式的被动式的完成时:to have been done;
与谓语同时进行时,要用不定式的被动式的进行时:to be being done。
如:The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 据说死去的妇女受虐待。
        Rain forests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 据报道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。
2、不定式的主动式作含序数词的被修饰词语的定语时,可表示已完成的动作。
如:He was the first man to taste the tomato. 他是第一位品尝西红柿的人。
        They were the last to leave the countryside.他们是最后一批离开农村的。


过去分词的概念:

过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。即:动词原形加-ed构成。
如:fallen leaves 落叶 
        boiled water 开水
        I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。


过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别:

两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同,但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。
如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:
如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。


过去分词的句法功能:

1、作定语:
如:I don't like the book written by Martin.
       Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 
注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语:
如:They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
        The window is broken. 窗户破了。
        They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别:The window is broken.(系表)
            The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。
如:boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语:
如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语:
如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
        Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
        Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件) 
        Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.  虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步) 
        Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。
        The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他开始撒种子。


现在分词与过去分词的区别:

1、分词作表语:
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有:
interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的 
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的 
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
        The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 
        The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语)
        We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)

2、分词作定语:
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
如:He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
        The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
        The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。
        He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,  returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

3、分词作状语:
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
        Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
        Smiling, they came in.
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如:Cleaned, the room looks nice.
        Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.  如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
        Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。