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高中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    ____ finished my homework, I asked my brother ____ interrupt me.
    [     ]

    A. Having never; not to
    B. Having not; to not
    C. Not having; to not
    D. Not having; not to
    本题信息:2012年同步题英语单选题难度一般 来源:刘婷婷
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “____ finished my homework, I asked my brother ____ interrupt me.[ ]A. Having never; not toB. Having not; to notC. Not having; to notD. Not having; ...” 主要考查您对

现在分词的完成式

不定式

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 现在分词的完成式
  • 不定式

现在分词完成式的概念:

从动作关系上看,现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作;从用法上看,现在分词完成式主要用作状语,表示时间或原因等。


现在分词完成式的基本用法: 
  
1、表示时间:  
如:Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。  
        Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅馆之后,我们就去找吃饭的地方。  
        Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。  
        Having packed up her things, she went to book her ticket. 她收拾好行李之后就去买车票。  
注:这样用的现在分词通常可以转换成时间状语从句。
如:Having finished her work, she went home. =After she had finished her work, she went home. 她干完工作就回家了。    
2、表示原因:  
如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。  
        Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 我们邀请他来这儿讲演,所以我们最好去听讲。   
注:这样用的现在分词通常可以转换成原因状语从句。
如:Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. =As he had been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 他曾多次到过那里,主动提出当我们的向导。  
现在分词的完成式用作状语时,通常位于主句之前,但有时也可置于主句之后,不过此时多见于表原因的场合。
如:I didn't feel terribly shocked, having expected all this. 这情况我早已料到,因此我并不感到过于震惊。  
        I was unable to accept your invitation. having promised to accompany my mother to the concert. 我因已答应陪我母亲赴音乐会而不能接受你的邀请。    

现在分词完成式的否定式:
    
原则上应将not置于整个分词完成式之前。
如:Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于没有做对,所以又试了试。  
        Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。  
        Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. 由于没得到他的回信,她决定再给他写一封信。       

现在分词完成式用于独立结构:
    
有时现在分词完成式可以用于独立结构。
如:The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。  
        The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨,渡河不可能了。  
        My turn having comeround, I was ushered into the examining room. 轮到我之后,我就被引入考场。  
        The last bus havingg one, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。    

使用现在分词完成式的错点:
    
现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语,遇此情况可改用定语从句。
如:你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?   
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat?   
正:Do you know anyone who has lost a cat?   
        我想同打破窗户的人淡淡。  
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window   
正:I want to talk to the person who has broken the window   
注意:若将以上现在分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以,因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生。


现在分词一般式与完成式的区别: 
   
现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分同的完成式所表示的先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。
如:Locking the door, she went out. 她锁上门走了出去。  
        Having lost his job, he'd begun to interest himself in local voluntary work.他失业后便开始关注地方的志愿工作了。  
:有时两者意思差不多,可以换用。
如:Tying one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window.
        Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把绳子的一头系在床上,另一头扔出窗外。  
但是注意,用现在分词一般式代替完成式的用法通常只限于现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作之间没有时间间隔的场合,比如以下情况就不可随便替换。  
1、当换用会引起语义含混时。
如:看完了说明书之后,他迅速拿起了灭火器。  
不妥:Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fireextinguisher.  
正句:Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fireextinguisher.  
前面一句用了现在分词的一般式,给人的印象好像是两个动作同时发生的,容易引起误解,故宜改用完成式。  
2、当两个动作之间有一段间隔时,必须用分词的完成式。
如:Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已经失败了两次,他不想再试了。  
3、当第一个动作持续一段时间时,必须用分词的完成式。
如:Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another. 自己当老板已经这么久了,他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。    

现在分词完成被动式与过去分词的区别:
    
现在分词的完成被动式有两个特点:一是表示完成,二是表示被动。
如:Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来,不然就不给我们送信了。  
过去分词的用法也有两个特点:一是表示完成,二是表示被动。所以有时现在分词的完成被动式与过去分词可以表示相同的意思。
如:(Having been)written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。  
        (Having been)born in America, he is proficient in English. 由于他是在美国出生的,所以英语很好。  
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:  
如:Having been shown the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。  
        Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室,我们就离开了。(有一种急促感)  
:以下情况通常用过去分词,而不用现在分词的完成式。  
1、过去分词表示先于谓语动同发生的动作外,还可以表示与谓语动词同时(几乎同时)发生的动作,此时不可用现在分词的完成式代替。
如:He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。  
        Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. 他相信他们要毒死他,所以他拒绝进食。  
2、当过去分词以表示现在或过去(当时)的状态时,也不可用现在分词的完成式代替。
如:The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来,双手被绑在后面。  
3、当连用具体明确的过去时间状语时,通常也只用过去分词。
如:Built in1501, the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年,已有五百多年的历史。    

动词不定式的概念:

动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。


不定式的特殊句型对比:

1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…:
1)too…to 太…以至于…。
例如:He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。  
        —Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
        —Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为“不太”。
例如:It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语) 
3)当too前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…等于very。
例如:I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 
            He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to:
1)表示目的:它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如:Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。   
            Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果:
例如:Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型:Why not:
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不……?   干吗不……?
例如:Why not take a holiday?


不定式的用法:

1、不定式作补语:
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。      
            The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。
例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 等。
例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 
            We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)
典型例题:Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
                    A. to invent 
                    B. inventing 
                    C. to have invented 
                    D. having invented 
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。 3)有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
            You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语:
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
            It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 
            It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 
            It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。  
            His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。   
            There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
5、不定式作状语:
1)目的状语:常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)...asto…(如此…以便…)。
例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。  
            I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
例如:I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。  
            He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因:
例如:I'm glad to see you.  见到你很高兴。
            She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件:
例如:He must be a fool to say so.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.


不定式知识体系:

 


不定式用法拓展:

1、用作介词的to:
to可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admit to  object to  beaccus to  med to  beused to  stick to  turn to开始 look forward to  be devoted to  pay attention to  contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

2、省去to的动词不定式:
1)情态动词(除ought外)后。
2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。
例如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.  
           The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3)would rather,had better句型后:
4)Why…/why not…句型后:
5)help后可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
6)but和except后:
but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。  
            He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:
8)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。
例如:He is supposed(to be)nice. 他应该是个好人。

3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如:Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。 
            She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
例如:It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如:It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。
例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。  
            He is hard.(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)