本试题 “If I you, I'd be here earlier.[ ]A. wasB. wereC. amD. be” 主要考查您对系动词
虚拟语气句
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
系动词使用的注意事项：
系动词本身有一定的词义，不能单独作谓语，后面必须与表语连用。复习系动词时，必须注意以下几个问题：
1.be是最重要的系动词，主语不同，be的形式也不同，且有时态的变化。
a通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等，后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing、过去分词及表语从句作表语。
b特别要注意“由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词”所构成的被动语态的区别。
c前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by引导的介词短语。
如：The door was closed.
后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者，表示动作；句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。如：The door was closed by me.
d还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的系表结构与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。
前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么。如：My job is teaching English.
后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如：Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2. 要注意由行为动词转化成的系动词。
a表示人体感官的系动词有sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容词；
b表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become，get，go，turn，run，grow，come，fall，prove等，后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词，become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用不定冠词，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用不定冠词；
c表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有continue，keep，remain，stay，stand lie，rest，stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词；
d表示判断的系动词有seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。
4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实意动词的用法。
系动词部分主要注意：
其后要求接形容词，而不是副词做表语。遇到这种情况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者，然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。
以taste一词为例：
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.
（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。
注意：在这句话里，taste做系动词，不能使用进行时，后面接形容词。）
The chef is tasting the fish carefully.
（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。
注意：在这句话中，taste做实意动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词做状语。）
系动词用法点拨：
1．系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。
一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。
但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：
一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：
He is being kind.（一时而不能持久的性质）他装出和蔼可亲的样子。
二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：
I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）我希望你保持健康。
Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？
试比较：
Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。
不可以说：
Your hand is feeling cold.(×)
但可以说：
The doctor is feeling her pulse.（有意识的动态动作）医生正在给她拿脉。
The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）这汤的味道不错。
The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。
我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。
例如smell的用法可见一斑。
①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。
The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。
②指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。
The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。
③smell指“含有……气味”，“发出……气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。
The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2．系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。
某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。例如：
He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。
Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。
The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3．所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。
英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：
不能说：
The apple is tasted good.
（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）
但我们可以说：
The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。
（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）
因此，在平时的英语教学和学习之 ，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。
4．瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题
英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：
①不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.
应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.
②不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.
应改为：He has been a writer since 3 years ago.
或It is three years since he turned writer.
③不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.
应改为：He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5．系动词能接几种表语（从句）
系动词除了接adj.
.prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：
①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：
It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。
She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。
She felt as if her head were splitting.
她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。
The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.
那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。
It seems as if it were spring already.
好像已是春天了。
②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：
It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。
It appeared that he was talking to himself.
好像他在自言自语。
③能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.
Her job is to look after the children.
她的工作是照料孩子们。
He seems not to look after the children.
他好像不是她的父亲。
She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.
她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。
He didn’t appear to dislike it.
看不出他憎恨此事。
My advice proved to be wrong.
我的建议证明是错误的。
He will grow to like this work gradually.
他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。
④能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.
There appeared to be only one room.
那儿好像只有一个房间。
There seems(to be)no need to go.
似乎没有必要走。
6．能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.
举例说明：
It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back.
He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father.
The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7．后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构
能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。
当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。
Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：
1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。
Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）
The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）
2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。
John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。
They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。
另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。
|
时间 |
条件从句 |
主句 |
例句 |
|
与现在事实相反 |
If+主语+过去式（系 |
would |
见①②句 |
|
与过去事实相反 |
If+主语+had+过去分词 |
Would |
见③④句 |
|
与将来事实相反 |
过去式 |
would |
见⑤⑥句 |
例句：
① If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
② If I won a million dollars, I would give it to charities.
③ If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
④ If I had known that earlier, I wouldn’t have done it.
⑤ If he should go to Tsinghua University, he would make full use of his time.
⑥ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.
虚拟语气误区:
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；
2.省略if时，句子调整不正确；
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；
4.陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。
省略虚拟条件:
1.省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首：
Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。
Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要，我会去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
【注】
① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：
Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)
2.省略主语和动词be
若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：
If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)
3.省略“it+be”
If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
如果需要的话，我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)
4.省略条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：
I might see her personally. It would be better.
我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)
含蓄条件句中
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是otherwise）
Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
（暗含条件是介词短语without your help）
But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件是but for your help）
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
（暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）
(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：
I would not have done it that way.
我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you）
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.）
You might come to join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to）
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had the money）
But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for the storm）。
条件状语从句用法及动词形式:
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：
从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)
主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg：
1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）
5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）
6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If 主语+had+done
主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done
eg：
1．If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）
2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）
3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
主句：主语+should+do
从句：
①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were
eg：
1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小）
3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小）
4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
eg：
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：
If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：
Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
Were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…等
eg：
But for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
7、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。
虚拟语气的其他用法:
1、一想要( desire )
一宁愿( prefer )
一坚持( insist )
二命令( order , command )
三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend)
四要求( demand , require , request , ask)中，
无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用："should + do"。should可以省略。
eg：
He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist 意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点，某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。eg：
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
eg：
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2、表情绪、观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气。如：
necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。
句型：It is.......that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或 只用动词原型。
eg:
Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
注：这一点还没有准确的说法，希望善心人能把这点补充完全。
3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现在相反的情况；
从句用过去完成时，表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
eg：
Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）
4、 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：指现在或将来：may +do。
eg：
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。
指过去：may +have done 。
eg：
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。
5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
过去 had + done
现在 过去时(be 用were )
将来 过去时(be 用were ) （would rather 将来情况用一般过去时）
eg：
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
我们倒想你明天去那儿
注：注意would rather，had rather，would sooner的细微差别，可以百度一下查查。
6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：
It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do（优先使用动词过去式） ，即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
7、 简单句中的虚拟语气
（1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should +do。
eg：
Would you mind me shutting the door?
你介意我把门关起来吗？
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should agree with you.
我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）
（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may + 主语+ do。
eg：
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永驻。
（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用do。
eg：God bless us. 上帝保佑。
（4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
① 提出请求或邀请。eg：
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的单车吗？
② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg：
I should be glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议。eg：
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。eg：
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词 + have done。
eg：
You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。
与“If I you, I'd be here earlier.[ ]A. wasB. wereC. amD. be”考查相似的试题有：