宾语从句的概念：

置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid, sure, glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。

宾语从句的用法：

1、宾语从句的引导词：
宾语从句通常由连词that和whether(if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导：
如：We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。
         I don't know whether he'll arrive in time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。
         I don't know who(m) you mean. 我不知道你指谁。
        He asked why he had to go alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。
        Please tell me which you like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
        She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。
注：有时介词后可接跟一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句)：
如：From what you say, he is right. 根据你所说的，他是对的。
有极个别介词(如but,except)可接that引导的宾语从句：
如：She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black. 她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。
2、宾语从句与形式宾语it：
当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：
如：I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
       He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married. 他还没宣布他何时结婚。
3、连词that的省略问题：
引导宾语从句的连词that通常可以省略：
如：She said(that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。 
        I promise you(that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去。
注：有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略：
如：That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。
4、宾语从句与否定转移当动词think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语：
如：I don't suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的。
        I don't imagine that he will come. 我想他不会

使用宾语从句特别注意：

一、宾语从句的语序：
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
如：I don't know what they are looking for.
       Could you tell me when the train will leave?
       Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
二、宾语从句的时态：
主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
句：She was sorry that she hadn't finished her work on time.
当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
如：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
三、宾语从句的特点：
宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。whether和if都可引导宾语从句，但whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.

定义：

直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，并在原话前后加引号。
　　　　    例：He said:" It is too late." 
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，多数以宾语从句的形式构成。
　　　　    例：He said it was too late.

直接引语与间接引语的转换：

一、人称代词的变化： 
直接引语变间接引语时，人称代词的变化一般规律是：
        第一人称→第三人称；
        第二人称→第一人称；
        第三人称→第三人称。
        简记为“二一、一三、三留”。 
例："I'm thinking of changing my address." he said.
   → He said that he was thinking of changing his address.（I和he指同一个人）  
        Xiao Ming asked me, "Are you going to the park with us?"
  → Xiao Ming asked me if I was going to the park with them.（us与them指相同的人，XiaoMing是其中的一员；me和you指同一个人）
       Mr. Li said, "She will attend the meeting."
  → Mr. Li saidthatshewouldattendthemeeting.（Mr. Li和she不是同一个人） 但当说话者是第一人称，直接引语中的主语也是第一人称时，不作变化。 
       I said to my children, "I will give you some presents on Christmas Day."
  → I told my children I would give them some presents on Christmas Day. （I为同一说话者）

二、时态的变化：
直接引语变间接引语时，时态的变化规律是往“过去”相应的时态推移：
        一般现在时→一般过去时，
        一般将来时→过去将来时，
        现在进行时→过去进行时，
        现在完成时→过去完成时，
        一般过去时/过去完成时→过去完成时。
如：My father told me, "He will come back next week."
   → My father told me that he would come back the next week.
        She asked me, "Did you finish your homework?"
   → She asked me if I had finished my homework.
注意：直接引语属下列情况时，时态不作变化：
1、直接引语属真理或客观事实时：
如：The teacher said to us, "Light runs much faster than sound."
   → The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound.
2、主句谓语动词是现在或将来某个时态：
如：The old man often says, "I joined the Red Army when I was young."
   → The old man often says that he joined the Red Army when he was young.
3、直接引语带有具体的过去时间状语时：
如：The politics teacher said to us, "The party was founded in 1921."
   → The politics teacher told us that the party was founded in 1921.
4、直接引语谓语有情态动词：had better，would rather及need，must，oughtto等时：
如：He said to me, "I would rather live in the countryside."
   → He told me that he would rather live in the countryside.
5、直接引语为虚拟语气谓语时 e.g.Shesaid,"IwouldbehappyifIwereabird."→ Shesaidthatshewouldbehappyifshewereabird.

三、句型的变化：
直接引语变间接引语时，句型要作适当变化：
1、变陈述句为由that引导的从句（that常省略）：
如："I want to improve my English at school," said the child.
   → The child said(that) he wanted to improve his English at school.
2、变一般疑问句为由if/whether引导的从句：
如："Are you sure he will come today?"Jenny asked Helen.
   → Jenny asked Helen if/whether she was sure he would come that day.
3、变选择疑问句为由whether...or.../whether...or not引导的从句：
如："Is he a director or an actor?" she asked me.
   → She asked me whether he was a director or an actor.
4、变反意问句时，要视说话者的语气而定：
（1）表示疑问时，先需去掉后面的反意问句部分，再按一般疑问句变化。
如："You haven't finished your composition, have you?" the teacher said to me.
   → The teacher asked me if I had finished my composition.
（2）表示提醒或警告等特别语气时，先按陈述句变化，再把间接引语前的动词更换为表示相应语气的动词remind，warn等。
如："You're late for class, aren't you?" the teacher said angrily to me.
   → The teacher warned me that I was late for class.
5、变特殊疑问词开头的问句为原特殊疑问词引导的从句：
如："When did you come here?" Tom asked Jim.
   → Tom asked Jim when he had gone there.
6、变祈使句为不定式短语，作动词ask，tell，order，beg，request，advise，offer，warn等的宾语补足语，宾语为说话者的对象，选什么动词，视情况而定：
如：The doctor said to the patient, "Don't eat oily food again."
   → The doctor advised the patient not to eat oily food again.
7、变感叹句为how或what引出的从句，也可用that引出从句：
如："How clever a boy he is." the teacher said to the mother.
   → The teacher told the mother how clever a boy he was.
或：The teacher told the mother that he was clever boy.
8、直接引语是多个句子时，按其句型特点，用上面的方法分别处理，并用and连接：
如：Mrs. Smith said, "I don't know the way to the station. How can I get there?"
   → Mrs. Smith said that she didn't know the way to the station and asked me how she could get there.
9、若直接引语是What's the matter?/What has happened?/What's wrong with...? 时，变成间接引语语序不变：
如："What's the matter?" said he.
   → He asked me what was the matter.

直接引语变间接引语词语转化对比：