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初中二年级英语

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  • 句型转换
    按要求改写下列句子。
    1. He does his homework every morning.( 改为否定句)
    He _____ _____ his homework every morning.
    2. The little boy hashalf a bottle of milkfor lunch.(就画线部分提问)
    _____ _____ milk does the little boy have for lunch?
    3. We go to school at 11:45.(改为同义句)
    We go to school at a _____ to _____ .
    4. My bike doesn't work.(改为同义句)
    _____ is _____ with my bike.
    5. What sport do you like very much?(给为同义句)
    _____ your _____ sport?
    6. I have been here three times.(就画线部分提问)
    _____ _____ times have you been here?
    7. Read the word after me.(改为否定句)
    _____ _____ the word after me.
    8. The words are difficult to say the words.
    _____ _____ difficult to say the words.


    本题信息:2012年同步题英语句型转换难度一般 来源:解桂莲
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “按要求改写下列句子。1. He does his homework every morning.( 改为否定句)He _____ _____ his homework every morning.2. The little boy hashalf a bottle...” 主要考查您对

时刻

不定代词

形容词

助动词

祈使句

特殊疑问句

it 的用法

疑问词组

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 时刻
  • 不定代词
  • 形容词
  • 助动词
  • 祈使句
  • 特殊疑问句
  • it 的用法
  • 疑问词组
时刻:
时刻的英文表示法:
若为整点钟,则直接读相应的基数词;
若为非整点钟,则分别以“时”和“分”为单位用相应的基数词读出。
如 twelve (12), eight twenty (8:20), nine forty-five (9:45)
对于带“分”的时间,也可借助past(过)和to(差)这两个介词来表示。
这样表示时“分”不能超过30,否则应作处理,如9:38应处理成10点差22分。

英文时间表达法:
一、整点法:
如果时间是整点,就用“钟点数+o’clock”来表示。o’clock可省略。
如:8:00可读作eight o’clock或eight

二、顺读法:
顺读法也叫直接读法,此方法用于既有钟点数,又有分钟数的时间,通常先读“钟点数”,再读分钟数。
如:7:20读作seven-twenty

三、倒读法:
此方法是“先读分钟数”,再读“钟点数”,使用此方法要注意两点:
1、如果分钟数在30以内,就用“分钟数+past+钟点数”表示,介词past意为“过”。
如:6:10读作ten past six.
2、当分钟数正好是“三十分钟”时,可用“顺读法”中的“钟点数+thirty”,也可用“half+past+钟点数”。
如:7:30可读作seven thirty 或 half past seven.
3、如果分钟数超过30,则用“(60-分钟数)+ to +(钟点数 + 1)”来表示,介词to 为“差”的意思。
如:6:35读作twenty-five to seven (差二十五分钟到七点)
在“倒读法”中,当分钟数涉及到“15分钟”时,一般不用fifteen,而用a quarter(一刻钟)来表示。
如:10:15读作a quarter past ten (一般不读 fifteen past ten)

四、如果所表述的分钟和15有关,就有三种表达法:
(15分钟又叫一刻钟:a quarter)
9:15 - nine fifteen ; fifteen past nine ; a quarter past nine
3:45 - three forty-five ; fifteen to four ; a quarter to four

五、大约时间:
It's almost two. 马上到两点了。
It's not quite two. 还不到两点。
It's just after two. 刚过两点。

注:若想表明是上午,可在时间后加上a.m.,如:thirteen past six a.m.(上午六点十三分)。
        若想表明是下午,可在时间后加上p.m.,如:four o'clock p.m.(下午四点)。

各色各样的时间表达法:

1.In time for……及时到……/做……

If you go now, you will be in time for the meeting.

2.On time:准时的
“Don't go to the examination late. Make sure you are on time.”考试不要去迟了,要确保准时(到达)。

3.Kill time:消磨时间
“While waiting for my turn to do something, I often read something to kill time.”

4.Buy time:争取时间
“There are ten seconds left, but Jordan carried the ball steadily to buy time instead of passing it out.”

5.by the time (that)...的时候

By the time we got there, the train had left ten minutes ago.

6.From time to time:偶尔
“They visited us from time to time, but we have never been to their hourse.”

7.At times:有时
“life as a spinster or bachelor is care-free, but the problem is that he or she may feel lonely at times.”

8.In no time:很快地
“The police caught a thief and sent him to prison in no time.

9.Time's up:时间到了
“Time's up. Stop writing and hand in your answer books now.”

10.Time and again:屡次
“Motorists were warned time and again not to throw rubbish from their cars.”

11.Time alone will tell:时间可以证明一切

“No one is certain if it is wise to emigrate to the West; time alone will tell.”

12.At the best of times:当情况最佳时
“Samuel's Mandarin is not good at the best of times, not to mention when he has to speak if impromptu.”

13.out of time/ behind the time:不合时宜的,不合拍,过时的

“Mummy sweater is out of style, could you buy me a new one?”

14.Move / keep up with the times:赶上时代

“Some people's mode of thinking is outdated. They should try to move with the times so as to better fit in the present society.”


不定代词
即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
初中常用不定代词有:
some(something,somebody,someone),any(anything,anybody,anyone), no(nothing,nobody,no one),
every(everything,everybody,everyone,),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),
another,none,one,either, neither等。一般来讲,修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。

不定代词用法例举:
①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词:some, someone, somebody, something
例如:They can speak some Japanese.
②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词:any, anyone, anybody, anything
例如:Is there anyone at home?
③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词:no, no one, nobody, nothing
例如:I have no watch.
There is nothing wrong with the machine.
④不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,亦可指物,它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
名词,指代复数名词时可以用ones。
例如:I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
I like small cars better than large ones.
⑤none通常只用作名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。
none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
例如:None of them knows the answer to the question.
⑥both, all
both指两个人、物或群体;
all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
例如:My parents are both teachers.
           All of my friends are football fans.
⑦every, each
each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个别;
every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
例如:Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
            Every student went to the park.(学生至少三人)        
⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
other具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人,亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词,表示“其他的,别的”,不可单独使用。
例如:Do you have any other questions?
the other作形容词或代词,特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
例如:The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
 others相当于“other+名词”,泛指“别的人或物”,只有名词性用法。
例如:Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
the others相当于“the other+名词”,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
例如:There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
another作形容词或代词,泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
例如:This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
⑨either, neither
either指“两者中的任何一个”;neither指“两者中无一”,具有否定意义。
例如:You can take either half.
Neither of the books is good.
⑩many, much, most
many和much具有名词和形容词的性质,都表示“许多、大量”。
Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词,many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
例如:Many boys like playing soccer.
We have much homework to do every day.
Most students think so.
(11)few, a few, little, a little
a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词,a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”,具有否定意义。
例如:He has a few friends here.
Hurry up! There is little time left.


不定代词的用法:
不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
位置
不定代词+形容词
不定代词+to do
作主语
Both of them are teachers.他们两人都是教师。
作宾语
I know nothing about this person.我对这个人一无所知。
作表语
This book is too much for a child.这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。
作定语
There is a little water in the glass.玻璃杯里有一些水。
作状语
I can't find my book anywhere.我在任何地方都不能找到我的书。
修饰不定代词的词,一般情况下要后置。
形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
助动词:
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。
助动词是语法功能词,自身没有词义,不可单独使用,只能和别的动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或表示疑问或否定。
常用的助动词有:
be,do,does,did,have,has,shall,will,would等。

常见助动词用法:
have的用法:
have作助动词
形式:
主要变化形式:have,has,had
动名词/现在分词:having
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月末为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时(现在完成时),例:
I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成时态的被动语态,例:
English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。

do的用法:
形式
主要变化形式:do,did,done
动名词/现在分词:doing
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2)do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study.他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party please.请一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。我真想你了!
5)用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代替动词,例如:
Do you like Beijing? 你喜欢北京吗?
Yes,I do.是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?他知道如何开车,对吧?

may和can:
1) may用来表示许可
2)may用于所有人称的现在时及将来时句子中。
3)might用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定形式:may not/mayn't,might not/mightn't
疑问式:may I?might I?等
否定疑问式:may I not?/mayn't I?等
表示许可的may的其他形式可用allow,be allowed的相应形式代替。
4)may后面接不带to的不定式(即动词原形)。
5)can用来表示许可
6)can用于所有人称的现在时及将来时的句子中。
7)could用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定式:can not/can't,could not/could't
疑问式:can I?could I?等。
否定疑问式:can I not?/can't I?could I not?/couldn't I?等。
表示许可的can的其他形式可用于allow,be allowde的相应形式代替。
can与不带to的不定式连用。

shall和will的用法:
1)shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。
现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
2)shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿
shall I turn on the light?
要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)
shall he come to see you?
他要不要来看你
(比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)
3)shall 用在陈述句,与第二第三人称连用,变为情态动词,表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等。

should,would的用法:
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。)
2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come.他说他要来。
比较:
"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。


基本助动词只有三个:
be, do,have,他们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。
例如:
He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告
He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划
The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
祈使句:
表示请求或命令的句子是祈使句。祈使句一般用降调,为使祈使句听起来比较婉转,可用低声调,祈使句句末用句号或感叹号。
每种类型又有肯定形式和 祈使句的组成
①动词原形+其他
②Please+动词原形+其他
③否定形式:don‘t+动词原形,用don’t否定时,只能用其缩略形式。
例如:
Welcome to Beijing Park. 
Walk about three blocks. 
Don’t mention it.

 

祈使句含义:

1. 表请求 
Pass me the sugar, please.
请把糖递给我。

2. 表命令 
Put up your hands.
举手。 
Fill in this form.
把这个表填好。

3. 表建议 
Let
s have dinner together. 我们共进晚餐吧。

4. 表邀请 
Come in and have a seat.
进来请坐。 
Help yourself to some fruits.
请吃水果。

5. 表警告 
Hurry up or you will be late.
抓紧点,不然你要迟到了。 
Do that again and you
ll be in trouble.要是再干那事,你会有麻烦的。

6. 表禁止 
Don
t touch the exhibits.不要触摸展品。 
Don
t play on the road.不要在马路上玩耍。

7. 表叮嘱             
Be sure to get there before nine.
务必在九点前赶到那里。 
Take care not to catch cold.
小心别着凉了。

8. 表号召 
Workers of all countries, unite!
全世界工人阶级联合起来!

9. 表祝愿 
Have a good trip.
祝你旅途愉快。


祈使句有三种类型:
一、含第二人称主语的祈使句
1. 当祈使的对象是第二人称you时称为含第二人称主语的祈使句。
这时,主语you通常不出现在句中,谓语动词用原形。
有时在句首或句末加please,还可加上称呼语,用逗号与句子主体隔开。如:
Please be quiet, boys! 孩子们,请安静!
Come this way, please. 请走这边。
如要加强语气,可在动词前加do。如:
Do keep away from the fire! 切记远离火种!
2. 否定式在谓语动词前加Don’t或Do not,强调否定式则在动词前加Never。如:
Don’t alway make the same mistake. 不要老犯同一个错误。
Never be late again. 千万别再迟到了。
3. 有时,为了强调指明向谁提出要求或发出命令,或表达说话人的急躁、厌烦、不满、恼怒的情绪,就用主语you表示,且放在动词前。如:
You come here! 你到这里来!
You mind your head! 小心别碰到头了!
若为否定式,则把Don’t放在主语you之前。如:
Don’t you come here! 你别来这里!

二、含第一、第三人称主语的祈使句
1. 含第一或第三人称主语的祈使句通常以Let开头,
第一人称由“Let + me / us +动词原形”构成,
第三人称由“Let + 第三人称代词(用宾格)或名词+动词原形”构成。
这类祈使句往往用于提出建议。如:
Let me have a try if you don’t want to. 如果你不想,就让我试一试吧。
Let’s spend this weekend in the country. 咱们到乡下去度这个周末吧。
Let him be here by ten o’clock. 叫他10点到这里吧。
有时也可以先称呼对方的名字,,后跟一句无人称主语的祈使句。如:
Jane, sit down please. 简,请坐下。
Mum, remember to bring me an umbrella. 妈妈,记得给我带把伞。
2. 这类祈使句的否定式是在动词原形前加not,也可以在let前加Don’t。如:
Let’s not wast our time about it. 我们不要为了这件事而浪费时间。
Don’t let us wait here. 别让我们在这儿等。
Don’t let him go out. 别让他出去。

三、无动词祈使句
在请求、命令和口号中,常用无动词祈使句,它实际上是省略了动词,从而使语句更简洁或有力。如:
Just a minute, please! 请稍等!
This way, please! 请这边走!
Attention! 立正!
Up the stairs! 上楼!
To the playground, everyone of you! 到操场上去,你们每个人都得去!
在一些指示牌上,常用“No +动名词/名词”构成简略式的否定祈使句。如:
No smoking! 禁止抽烟!
No parking! 禁止停车!
No photos! 禁止拍照!
还有一些是祝词类的无动词祈使句,如:
May you succeed!祝你成功!
Long live our friendship!我们的友谊万岁!



祈使句特点口令:
祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去;
动词原形谓语当, 句首加don't否定变;
朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号。

祈使句的语调特点 :
1、语音强度一般比陈述句重,书面上用叹号表示。
2、句末用降调,较长句子的后半部分几个音节速度加快。

对特定的人使用的祈使句:
祈使句如Wait here! (在这儿等着!) 可以是对一个人说,也可以是对几个人说,其主语暗含you。
但我们却可以用下列方式引起我们说话的对象的注意:
■You+祈使语气动词
You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。
语调和重音很重要。在上面这一句里,如果不重读you,那么句子的意思是this is where you wait (这就是你应等着的地方);
如果重读you,那么句子的意思就是this is what I want you to do (这是我要你做的事)。
此外,重读you时还可以表示愤怒、敌意或不客气。如:
You mind your own business! 不关你什么事
You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week! 你来试试每周5天教40个吵闹的孩子!
在否定句中Don’t要重读 (不重读you)。如:
Don’t you speak to me like that! 你别这样跟我讲话!

■“you+人名”或“人名+you”
You wait here, Jim, and Mary, you wait there. 你等在这儿,吉姆;玛丽,你等在那儿。

■“祈使语气+人名”或“人名+祈使语气”:
Drink up your milk, Sally! 把你的牛奶喝光,萨利!
Sally, drink up your milk! 萨利,把你的牛奶喝光!

■祈使语气+反身代词
Enjoy yourself. 你好好享受吧。
Behave yourself. 你放规矩点。

■对一群人讲话时,祈使语气可与everybody, someone之类的词连用:
Everyone keep quiet! 大家安静!
Keep still everybody! 每个人都保持不动!
Nobody say a word! 都不许说话!
Somebody answer the phone please. 请来个人接电话。

■在表示否定的命令语气后面可用带any的复合词
Don’t say a word anybody! 谁都不要说话!
Don’t anybody say a word! 任何人都不许说话!


特殊疑问句:
以特殊疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。
常用的疑问词有:what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。
特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词+一般疑问句”。
其回答应当是具体的。特殊疑问句句末一般用降调。 
例如:How do I get there? 
            Why not? 
            What about the sports news?
常用疑问词可先分为3种:
疑问代词:
what(什么)
who(谁,作主语)
which(哪个,在一定范围内选择)
whose(谁的,指附属关系)
whom(谁,作宾语)

疑问副词:
when(何时,询问时间)
where(何地,询问地点)
why(为什么,询问原因)
how(如何,询问手段,方式,工具以及程度)

疑问形容词:
what(which,whose)+名词
例词:
what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ...
how much(多少) how long(多长)...

特殊疑问句的特点:
一、 特殊的疑问词:
特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头,询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。
我们学过的疑问词有what(询问事物), how much(询问价格), what time (询问时间,尤其是点钟), what kind of(询问种类), why(询问原因),who(询问人), where(询问地点) 等等。如:
—What is this? 这是什么?
—It's a key. 这是一把钥匙。
—How much is it? 这个多少钱?
—It's twenty dollars. 二十美元。
—What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢哪一类型的电影?
—I like action movies. 我喜欢动作片。

二、特殊的语序:
特殊疑问句由疑问词开头,其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如:
What time is it? 现在几点钟?
Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师?
特殊疑问句有两种语序:
1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:
Who is singing in the room﹖
whose bike is broken﹖
2.如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是:
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语)
What does she like?
What class are you in﹖
Where are you from﹖
What time does he get up every morning﹖
How do you know﹖
 
三、特殊的答语:
特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答,而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答才行。如:
— What time is it, please? 请问几点了?
— It's 7:30. 七点半了。
— Where are they? 他们在哪儿?
—They're in the playground. 他们在操场上。
—What's your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的科目是什么?
—English. 英语。

四、 特殊的语调:
一般情况下,特殊疑问句要用降调(↘)来读。如:
Who's ↘that?
How old is↘Jack?
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配,是英语语法的重点、难点,又是近几年考试的热点,因此在复习中应给予足够的重视。
It 句型归纳:
1. It is +adj.(+for sb./sth.) + to do sth.
用于此句型的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult,possible, important, impossible, necessary, good, bad, exciting, interesting, surprising等。如:
 It is necessary to change your job.
 It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in the snow.
2.It is +n.(+for sb./sth.) + to do sth.
用于此句型的名词有: pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如:
 It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful play.
 It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
3.It is +adj.+of sb.+to do sth.
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如:
 How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance!
 It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house.
4.It is +adj.(+n.)+doing sth.
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有:no/little use, no/much good, useless等。如:
 It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
5.It takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth. 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如:
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the sea.
6.It is +及物动词的过去分词+that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有:said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如:
It is reported that the Russian President will visit China next week.
7.It +不及物动词+that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有:seem, happen, appear, matter等。如:
 It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow.
 It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday.
8.强调句型:It is+被强调部分+that/who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意,指人时可以用who或that,其它情况一律用that。如:
 It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning.
 It is Mr Bell who/that often comes and looks after the old man.
9.It is/has been+一段时间+since从句。如:
It is /has been three years since we saw each other last.
10.It is (high) time that sb. did sth.
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”,从句常用过去时(虚拟语气)说明现在应该做的事情。如:
 It’s six o’clock.It is high time that we went home now.

It 常用的固定搭配:
1. make it
(1)在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例  It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
(2)在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”
例  —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
(1)相当于in fact,in reality表示“事实上,实际情况是……”
例  We had planed to finish the task today,but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.
(2)相当于方式状语从句,表示“照原样”
例  Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were
相当于as one might say,that is to say,表示“也就是说,可以说,换句话说”
例  He is,as it were,a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…
用来引导虚拟语气,相当于without,or but for,表示“如果不是……,要不是……”
例  If it weren't for Tom,I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
(1)相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止,没有别的了”
例  You can have one more sweet,and that's it.
(2)相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例  — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it
在口语中,相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂,受责备,受批评,受惩罚”
例  We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.
7. have it
(1)相当于say,insist表示“说,主张,表明,硬说”
例  Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2)相当于get to know something,表示“了解,知道,获悉”
例  I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes
在口语中,相当于be well qualified for,表示“具有成功的条件”
例  You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.
9. so it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it!(Don't give up!)
相当于go on,表示“继续做,不放弃”
例  My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it!(Go on!)拼命干,莽撞
12. Now you have done it!(You have done sth. wrong.)
13. Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)
14. As it happened,…
在口语中,相当于it's a pity that…,表示“真不凑巧,真遗憾”
例  As it happened,they were out.
15. As it turned out,…
在口语中,相当于it was found to be in the end,表示“最后被证明是”
例  As it turned out,his statement was false.
16. Such as it is(they are)
在口语中,相当于although it may not be worth much,表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例  You can borrow my exam notebook,such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy.
相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,存住气”
例  Take it easy! He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.
在口语中,相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话,我敢担保”
例  You can take it from me that he will make it this time.
19. For what it is worth…
在口语中,相当于although I'm not sure it's of value,表示“不管其价值如何”
例  Here is the article I promise you,for what it's worth.
20. Worth it
在口语中,相当于useful,表示“有好处,值得做”
例  Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例  Believe it or not,Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例  That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends
在口语中,相当于it hasn't been decided yet,表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来”
例  —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.
24. It's up to sb.
在口语中,相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定,由……负责,取决于……”
例  —Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.

it用法小结:
It用作实词
表达以下概念:
指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this, that;
替代前文中的内容;
指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;
指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;
指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。

一、it 作人称代词的用法
1. 指事物
作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:
I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。
It’s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦,可是我乐意干。
“Where is the dog?” “It’s in the bedroom. ” “狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。
2. 指人
it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:
Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?
There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门,一定是邮递员。
【说明】在答语中,常用来指本人,如说 It’s me。
3. 代替某些代词
代词 it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等。如:
“What’s this?” “It’s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。
Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题,是吗?

二、it 作非人称代词的用法
1. 基本用法
it 作非人称代词的用法,主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:
It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。
It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。
It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。
2. 用于某些句型
It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。
It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s + 时间段 + since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。
It’s + 时间段 + before-从句. 过多长的时间才……

三、it用作形式主语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形式主语it。如:
It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。
It’s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。
2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型
(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。
It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话,真是太蠢了。
【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是:
of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等,介词for表示对象,意为“对……来说” 。
(2) It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。
【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体:It took me an hour to write the letter.
=The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时
(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事
It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。
(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……
It seemed as though he didn’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。
It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。
(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……
If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助,这些困难我们不克服不了的。

四、it用作形式宾语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。
其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如:
I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。
2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构
(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如:
I like it that you came. 你来了,我很高兴。
I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。
You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。
(2) 动词 + it + when (if)-从句。如:
I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。
I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。
(3) 动词 + prep + it + that-从句。如:
See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。
Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。
You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you. 你放心,他会来接你的。
I can’t answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。
(4) 动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如:
I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。
I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。

it在强调句中的使用
It is+被强调部分+that(who)+其他
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 
2. 在强调原因状语从句时,只能强调由because所引导的从句。
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上。
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别。
5. 不管被强调部分是单数还是复数,其前一律用It is / It was,而不能用They are / There were之类的。
6. 被强调部分是指人时,被强调部分后可用that / who,被强调部分指物时,被强调部分后只能用that。
7. 被强调部分是指时间或地点时,被强调部分后通常用that,一般不用when,where之类的。例:
It is I who am right. 是我对。
It was you that were wrong. 是你错了。
It was in the Japan that he died. 他是死于日本。
It was yesterday that he got married. 他是昨天结婚的。
It was a computer that he bought last week. 他上个星期买的是一台电脑。
Where was it that she lived? 她是住在什么地方?
When was it that he left for Japan? 他是什么时候离开去日本的?
Who is it that teaches you English? 是谁教你们英语?


疑问词组:
即使由疑问词和一些词一起构成的表示疑问的词组。由how/what与另外一个词组成的词组。
例如:
how many (后接可数名词,多少), how much (后接不可数名词,多少), 
how often (表示频率), what if (如果…将会怎么样), 
what about (…怎么样), what time (几点)

与how搭配的疑问词组:
How在英语中通常用作副词,是特殊疑问句中本领最大的疑问词。他与其它形容词或副词搭配组成疑问词组
1.How old问年龄、年代。
How old is your friend? 你朋友多大了?
How old is the bridge? 这座桥有多少年代了?
2.How many问可数名词数量。常将可数名词复数紧随其后。如:
How many pictures are there on the wall? 墙上有多少幅画?
How many glasses of milk would you like? 你们想要几杯牛奶?
3.How much询问不可数名词的数量、物品的价格。
How much money is there in the purse? 钱包里有多少钱?
How much are the apples at the moment? 目前苹果什么价钱?
4.How long提问物体的长度、时间的长短。
How long is the Changjia River? 长江有多长?
How long does it take you to do your homework every day?
你每天花多长时间做作业?
5.How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问, 表示“多久之后”。
How soon will you be back? 你多久后回来?
6.How often对表示频率的副词或短语提问。
How often does Mrs. Green go shopping? 格林夫人多久去购一次物?
7.How about用来征求对方意见。
Your father is a worker, how about your mother? 你父亲是工人,你母亲呢?
How about playing games after school this afternoon? 下午放学后做游戏怎么样?
8.How far 问两地间的距离How tall问人(树)的高度;how heavy问重量;how wide问宽;how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度。
How far is it from the earth to the moon? 从地球到月球有多远?
How tall is Yao Ming? 姚明身高多少?
How heavy is that big box? 那只大箱子有多重?
How wide is the new street? 这条新街有多宽?
How high is the tower in Paris? 巴黎的那座塔有多高?

与what搭配的疑问词组:

疑问词 意思 用法 例句
what 什么 用来问是什么,叫什么,做什么等 1. What’s your name?
你叫什么名字?
2.What’s your father?
你爸爸是干什么的?
3.what is in your box?
你的盒子里是什么?
what
time
什么时间 用来问时间 1.What time is it?  几点了?
2.What time is it now?
现在几点了?
what
colour
什么颜色 用来问颜色 1.waht colour is your bag?
你的书包是什么颜色?
2.what colour is your book?
你的书本是什么颜色?
what
about
怎么样 用来征求意见或询问感受等,
大多用于承接上面的同样问题

1.what bout this pair of shoes?这双鞋子怎么样?
2.what about you? 你呢?
3.what about your dad?
你爸爸呢?

what
day
星期几 用来问星期几 1.what day is it today?
今天星期几?
2. what day was yesterday?
昨天星期几?
what
date
什么日期 问具体的日期 1.What’s the date today?
今天是几号?
2. what date is tomorrow?
明天是几号?
what...for... 为何目的 用来问目的,在一定情况下只可以与why互换 What did you buy that for?
你为什么要买那个?