本试题 “用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. What kind of ______ (west) food do you like?2. Would you like something ______ (eat)?3. The teacher is ______ (friend)...” 主要考查您对物主代词
形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级
形容词
实义动词
不定式
分词
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
物主代词的用法:
物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破碎的玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种:
形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 -'s属格结构,例如:
Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为 The cap is his.
形容词性物主代词用法:
1. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,在句中只能用作定语,后面必须跟名词。名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面已提及的名词重复。
相当于【形容词性物主代词+名词】。例如:
Is that yourbike? 那是你的自行车吗?
My pen is quite different from his.
2. 如果名词前用了形容词性物主代词,就不能再用冠词(a, an, the)、指示代词(this, that, these, those)等修饰词了。例如:
这是他的书桌。This is his desk.
3. 与形容词一起修饰名词时,形容词性物主代词要放在形容词的前面。例如:
his English books他的英语书。
their Chinese friends他们的中国朋友。
4. 汉语中经常会出现"我妈妈","你们老师"等这样的语言现象,虽然代词用的是"我"、"你们",但实际意义仍是"我的"、"你们的",
所以在英译时,注意要用形容词性物主代词"my","your"。
例如:你妈妈在家吗?
误:Is you mother at home?
正:Is yourmother at home?
5. it's与its读音相同,he's与his读音相似,但使用时需注意它们的区别(it's和he's分别是it is和he is的缩略形式,但its 和his 却是形容词性物主代词) 。
例如: It's a bird. Its name is Polly. 它是一只鸟。它的名字叫波利。
He's a student. His mother is a teacher. 他是一名学生。他妈妈是一位教师
口诀:
有“名”则"形“,无“名”则“名”。
意思是:后面是名词的话,前面就要用 形容词性物主代词。后面没有名词的话,就用名词性物主代词。
名词性物主代词的句法功能:
a. 作主语,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b.作宾语,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c.作介词宾语,例如:
You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d.作主语补语,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
名词性物主代词可以用在介词of的后面,相当于“of+名词所有格”。
口诀
有“名”则"形“,无“名”则“名”。
注:
后面是名词的话,前面就要用 形容词性物主代词。
后面没有名词的话,就用名词性物主代词.
形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的区别:
一.形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用,用在名词前。
例:
1. This is my book.这是我的书。
2. We love our motherland.我们热爱我们的祖国。
二.名词性物主代词起名词的作用。
例:
1. Look at the two pencils. The red one is yours and the blue one is mine.
看那两支铅笔,红的是你的,蓝的是我的。
2. He likes my pen. He doesn't like hers.
他喜欢我的钢笔。不喜欢她的。
3. 注意:在使用名词性物主代词时,必须有特定的语言环境,也就是要省略的名词。
例:
It's hers.是她的。
(单独使用大家不知是怎么回事,不可以这样用)
There is a book. It's hers.那有本书。是她的。
(先提及,大家才明白)
4. 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
例:
My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
为避免重复使用bag,可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.
物主代词“形”变“名”歌:
形物代变名物代
掌握规律变得快
多数词尾加-- s
my,its,his要除外
my把y来变成i
接着再把 ne 带
his,its 不用变
词形一样莫奇怪
形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则:
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased
二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)
三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler, cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever
四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...
构成 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
一般加er,est |
tall |
taller |
tallest |
以字母e结尾只 |
large |
larger |
largest |
以一个辅音字母结尾的 |
red |
redder |
reddest |
hot |
hotter |
hottest | |
thin |
thinner |
thinnest | |
|
easy |
easier |
easiest |
happy |
happier |
happiest | |
ugly |
uglier |
ugliest | |
early |
earlier |
earliest | |
其他双音节词和多 |
interesting |
more interesting |
most interesting |
形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能”
He is too young to go to school.
=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
He is old enough to join the army.
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
what/who/where/when/when else
something/anything/nothing…else
What else did you do?
Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他
时态 | 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
一般式 | (not) to do | (not) to be done |
完成式 | (not) to have done | (not) to have been done |
进行式 | (not) to be doing | |
完成进行式 | (not) to have been doing |
现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表
分词用法:
1、分词作状语
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
一般现在时的句子转换:
(1)当句子中有be动词或情态动词时,则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句.
例:
①陈述句:She is a student.
疑问句→ Is she a student?
否定句→ She is not a student.
②陈述句:I can swim.
疑问句→ Can you swim
否定句→ I can not swim.
(2)当句子中即没有be动词,也没有情态动词时,则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数),does(单数she,he,it)变成问句;
在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t(I,you,以及复数), doesn’t(单数she,he,it)变成否定句,助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。
例:
①陈述句:We get up at 7:00 every morning.
疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning?
否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning.
②陈述句:She has a little brother.
疑问句→ Does she have a little brother?
否定句→ She doesn’t have a little brother.
一般现在时的表达方法:
主要通过谓语动词的变化和用时间词语来表示,其中最主要的是谓语动词的变化。现在一般时动词变化的规则是:
1.如果主语是名词复数和第一人称I、 we ,谓语动词不用做任何变化,即仍然用动词原形表示:
We usually go to school at 7:30. 我们通常7:30上学去。[go]
My parents give ten yuan to my sister every week.我父母每星期给我妹妹十元钱。[give]
2.主语是任何一个单数名词或者是第三人称单数,谓语动词要进行必要的变化。特别提一点:不可数名词也算作单数处理。
3.谓语动词的变化规律是:
第三人称单数的构成见下表:
词 |
构成 |
举例 | |
一般情况 |
词尾+s |
动词原形 |
第三人称单数 |
work(工作) |
works | ||
以-ch, -sh, s, x, o结尾 |
词尾+es |
teach(教) |
teaches |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 |
变y为i,再加es |
fly(飞翔) |
flies |
特殊变化的词:
be (是) - am,is,are
I am
she/he/it,名词单数都用 is
we,you,they,名词复数都用are
have (有) - have,has
I,we,you,they,名词复数都用have
she/he/it is,名词单数都用 has
助动词,不论单复数、不论什么人称都没有变化,都用 can,may,must,need,ought to 等。
而且,句子中有了助动词,谓语动词就不需要有任何变化了,即用动词原形表示。例:
We have six classes every day. 我们每天上六节课。
I often get up at 6:30. 我经常6:30起床。
Jack likes Chinese food very much.杰克很喜欢中国饮食。
We can see some pictures on the wall. 我们能看到墙上的画。
4.一般现在时常用的时间词语
常用于一般现在时的词语有 sometimes/usually/often/every day(week,year)/ now/always 等。
这些时间词语只是辅助作用,这些词语也可用于其它的时态,所以谓语动词变化才是最关键的。
注意:当表现强烈的感情色彩时,尽管有如 always/never/seldom 等频率副词,但一般在频率副词前加上be动词,后面变为动词的现在分词形式。
例:My father lose his key again. He is always losing his key.
一般现在时中当主语为第三人称单数的时,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式。
肯定式 | 疑问式 | 否定式 | 疑问否定式 |
Iworked | Did I work? | I did not work | Did I not work? |
He(She,It) worked | Did he(she,it) work? | He(she,it) did not work | Did he(she,it) notwork? |
We worked | Did we work? | We did not work | Did we not work? |
You worked | Did you work? | You did not work | Did you not work? |
They worked | Did they work? | They did not work | Did they not work? |
词 |
构成 |
举例 | |
一般情况 |
词尾+ed |
动词原形 |
过去式和过去分词 |
look |
looked | ||
以不发音字母e结尾 |
词尾+d |
like |
liked |
以“辅以字母+y”结尾 |
变y为i,再加ed |
fly |
flied |
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾+ed |
stop |
stopped |
现在进行时的构成:
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式
第一人称单数I+am+ing.
第一人称复数We+are+ing.
第二人称单(复)数 You+are+ing
第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+ing
第三人称复数 They+are+ing
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+现在分词
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+现在分词
一般疑问句:be(is/am/are)+主语+现在分词
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?
间接引语中改为过去进行时。
变化规则:
1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing 变sleeping)
2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing 变biting)
3.重读闭音节,以辅音字母加元音字母加辅音字母结尾的词,要双写尾字母再加ing(例:swim+m+ing=swimming)
4.以ie结尾的重读闭音节,变ie为y+ing (例:die-dying lie-lying)
5结尾为c且c读作/k/时,在结尾加k再加ing,如picnic-picnicking
现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:
(一)现在进行时表示动作的暂时性,而一般现在时表示动作的习惯性和经常性
I am watching TV now. (暂时性)
I watch TV every day. (经常性)
(二)现在进行时可表示短暂性动作,而一般现在时表示长久性动作。
Lucy is living in Beijing.(短时间居住)
Lucy lives in Beijing. (长久性居住)
(三)现在进行时表示的动作可带有感情色彩,而一般现在时所表述的动作通常是事实。
You’re always forgetting the most important things. (责备)
He is always helping others. (赞扬)
He often helps others. (事实)
(四)有些动词不能用进行时,know, understand, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice,等等。
这些动词通常用一般现在时表示说话时发生的动作。
I have a lot of friends here.
She wants to buy a new bike.
现在进行时用法注意:
1.进行时中,并不是所有的动词都要使用正在进行时。
例如一些表示状态和感觉的动词,一般不用进行时态,而是用现在一般时表示。
这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。
例如:see(明白),know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate等。
I hear someone singing. 我正听见有人唱歌。
Do you see anyone over there? 你看到那里有什么人吗?
What does he think of it? 他觉得这怎么样?
如果这些词使用正在进行时态,句子带有某种感情色彩。例如:
Are you seeing someone off? 你在给谁送行吗?
They are hearing an English talk. 他们在听一个英语报告。
2.现在进行时还有另外一种含义,即它们能表达即将发生的事情,相当于一般将来时。
有些动词从结构来看是现在进行时,但却是表示将要发生的事,而不表示动作现在正在进行。
这些动词往往是一些表示位置移动变化的动词:arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work等。
We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五出发。
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?你明天准备去哪儿?
A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。
Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗?
在表示将来的情况下,特别是be going to do sth. 这种结构,已经没有多少“去”的意思了,几乎就是用来表达“将要、打算”做什么事情。例如:
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。明天很可能非常冷。
She is not going to speak at the meeting。她不打算在那个会上发言。
3.当其与always、forever、continually、constantly 等副词连用时表示重复的动作,而这种动作可能使人不满,厌倦或满意。例如:
①She is perpetually interfering in my affairs.她老是干预我的事。 (不满)
②The students are making progress constantly.学生们在不断进步。 (满意)
4.在时间、条件状语从句中,有时可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。
When you are passing my way,please drop in.
你什么时候路过我家,请进来坐。
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