阅读理解。
Communication theory (理论) often talks about how speakers should present their material (材料).
However, listeners play the same important role. Some of them focus on the speaker, while others daydream
or talk to a neighbor. What is the difference between these two kinds of listeners? Generally speaking,
effective (有效的) listeners have discovered the advantages of paying close attention. Not having experienced
the rewards of paying close attention, ineffective listeners continue to wonder why they can't remember what
they "heard" or why they do poorly on tests.
How do effective listeners manage to pay close attention? First of all, they avoid letting poor circumstances,
like an uncomfortable seat, a personal problem, or the speaker's mannerisms, distract (分心) them. Instead,
they "tune out" anything that will keep them from understanding and remembering what they hear. After leaving
a lecture or meeting, they remember what was said,not the room conditions or the poor delivery of the speaker.
On the other hand, ineffective listeners who think they are paying attention to the message can be easily
daydreaming.
In order to prevent probable distractions, effective listeners actively but objectively focus on the message
itself. They do not prejudge the speaker as representing a viewpoint which is completely different from their
own, nor do they prejudge the material as boring,too easy,or too difficult. Effective listeners accept the new
ideas. To help themselves become actively concemed with the speaker's message,effective listeners write down
important words and phrases as a reminder of difficult ideas.
Ineffective listeners don't like theoretical material;they may pretend to listen but daydream instead to avoid
hearing what they don't agree with or readily understand. Moreover, rather than attending to meaning itself,
ineffective but well-intentioned listeners might be so interesteq in taking a lot of notes that they miss the
speaker's main idea. These listeners leave a speech or a class with a notebook full of words.
Clearly, a certain amount of effort is concemed with (与...有关) listening actively, objectively, and openly
to new ideas. But as that effort begins to pay off for ineffective listeners, they too will develop this skill as a
beneficial lifelong habit.
1. The underlined phrase "tune out" means "_____".
A. deal with
B. pay no attention to
C. pick out
D. think about
2. Which of the following statements is close to the writer's opinion?
A. Listeners will develop listening skills if they copy all the words the speaker said.
B. Listeners may remember what was said if they prejudge the speaker's viewpoint.
C. Listeners should accept the new ideas and write down important words.
D. Listeners can daydream to avoid hearing what they don't understand.
3. The main purpose of this passage is to _____.
A. point out the results of effective listening
B. describe the listening habits of poor listeners
C. discuss the methods which are used by all kinds of listeners
D. state the differences between effective and ineffective listeners

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