形容词：
简称adj.或a，形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏与否，形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生，她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能：
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态，也可以表示某一动作的结果，并常用在表示“认为，看待”的动词如believe，prove，consider等候。例如：
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语，形容词作状语时，可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如：
Enthusiastic，they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人，不管是年轻人还是老人，我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas．那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法：
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事，太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：(错） She sang lovely.　　           （错） He spoke to me very friendly.
　　 （对） Her singing was lovely.　　（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.

形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时，一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如：  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面，音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗？  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如：  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人，无论老少，都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家，无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词，如enough和possible，既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗？   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词，置于名词之前与之后，含义不尽相同。例如：  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长，宽，高，深，及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时，在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词，位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词，疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。

形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词：
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用，表示一类人或事物，这时，它相当于一个名词，可作主语或宾语；
表示一类人时，看作复数，表示一类事物时，通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词，常见的短语有：
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词：
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词，但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ；lively (活着的)；lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型：
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型：
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词：glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力，意志或推测的形容词：ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影

副词：
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序：程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词
1）表示发生时间的副词：
It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了！
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
 He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词：
1）有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词：
①用作介词：Stand up!  起立！
②用作副词：A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
3）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词： 
It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

副词的语法作用：
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。
He works hard. （作状语）
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. （作状语）
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? （作表语）
她在家吗?
Let's be out. （作表语）
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. （here作定语，hardly作状语）
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!（作补语）
让他出去！
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

不同类型副词的用法比较：
方式副词：
1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况：
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

程度副词和强调副词 ：
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”：   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗？
  [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
2）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰形容词等：
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
 b. 修饰比较级：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

疑问副词和连接副词：
1）疑问副词：疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？
2）连接副词：连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句）
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）

一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词：
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

副词的位置：
1、实义动词前，be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。

3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。

5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么？
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

6、否定副词在句首，句子要倒装，如：
Never have I felt so excited!
兼有两种形式的副词：
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

实意动词：
即行为动词，表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的，能独立用作谓语。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种：
及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；
不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

实意动词使用方法：
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?

英汉实意动词用法比较：
与汉语的比较，有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：
We arrived at the railway station at noon.
我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
(比较：We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
用于be动词之后，实义动词之前。

 实意动词的用法：
肯定句：
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句：
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式：
Did+主语+动词原型+其他

现在完成时:
过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式：
1. 否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't （hasn't）＋过去分词...”。
如：I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句：Have（Has）+主语+过去分词...？ 如：
—Have you finished the work？你已经做完这项工作了吗？
—Yes, I have. 是的，我已经做完了。（No, I haven't. 不，我还没有做完。）
3. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have（has）+主语+过去分词...？如：
How many times have you been to the Great Wall？你去过长城几次？
提示：肯定句中有some, already时，改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如：
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. （否定句）
→ Have you finished your homework yet? （一般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型：
①for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
现在完成时特点：
1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如：
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那；have/has gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不在这。
例如：
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet，但若already用于疑问句时，表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如：Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，
而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。
比较:
I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）

have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；
have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，
前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。
如：
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon）等，除非与for,since连用.

4.不能与when连用.

现在完成时的用法：
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：
-Have you had lunch yet?    
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如：
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等：
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.

5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：
already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），just,before,recently,still,lately,never等：
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。）
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此：
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：already，yet，before，recently等）、频度时间状语（如：never，ever，once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / month /year...，today等）连用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。）
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。
例如：
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语＋have / has been＋since短语
例如：He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了　　
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。　　
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to：去了没回
has been to ：去过
has been in：呆了很久

“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配，是英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年考试的热点，因此在复习中应给予足够的重视。
It 句型归纳：
1． It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的形容词有：easy， hard， difficult，possible， important， impossible， necessary， good， bad， exciting， interesting， surprising等。如：
 It is necessary to change your job．
 It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in the snow．
2．It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：
 It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful play．
 It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old．
3．It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth．
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有： kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：
 How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！
 It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house．
4．It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth．
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good, useless等。如：
 It’s no use crying over spilt milk．
5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth． 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the sea．
6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如：
It is reported that the Russian President will visit China next week．
7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如：
 It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．
 It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday．
8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：
 It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning．
 It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after the old man．
9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：
It is ／has been three years since we saw each other last．
10．It is (high) time that sb． did sth．
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）说明现在应该做的事情。如：
 It’s six o’clock．It is high time that we went home now．

It 常用的固定搭配：
1. make it
（1）在口语当中相当于succeed，表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例  It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
（2）在口语中相当于fix the date for，表示“约定好时间”
例  —Shall we meet next week？
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
（1）相当于in fact，in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例  We had planed to finish the task today，but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.
（2）相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例  Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were
相当于as one might say，that is to say，表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”
例  He is，as it were，a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…
用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without，or but for，表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例  If it weren't for Tom，I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
（1）相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例  You can have one more sweet，and that's it.
（2）相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例  — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it
在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例  We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.
7. have it
（1）相当于say，insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例  Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
（2）相当于get to know something，表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例  I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes
在口语中，相当于be well qualified for，表示“具有成功的条件”
例  You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.
9. so it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it！（Don't give up！）
相当于go on，表示“继续做，不放弃”
例  My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it！（Go on！）拼命干，莽撞
12. Now you have done it！（You have done sth. wrong.）
13. Now you'll catch it！（You'll be punished.）
14. As it happened，…
在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…，表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”
例  As it happened，they were out.
15. As it turned out，…
在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end，表示“最后被证明是”
例  As it turned out，his statement was false.
16. Such as it is（they are）
在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much，表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例  You can borrow my exam notebook，such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy.
相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”
例  Take it easy！ He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.
在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”
例  You can take it from me that he will make it this time.
19. For what it is worth…
在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value，表示“不管其价值如何”
例  Here is the article I promise you，for what it's worth.
20. Worth it
在口语中，相当于useful，表示“有好处，值得做”
例  Don't hesitate about it！ It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例  Believe it or not，Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例  That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends
在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet，表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例  —Are you going to the countryside for holiday？
—It/That all depends.
24. It's up to sb.
在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”
例  —Shall we go out for dinner？
—It's up to you.

it用法小结：
It用作实词
表达以下概念:
指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；
替代前文中的内容；
指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；
指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；
指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。

一、it 作人称代词的用法
1. 指事物
作为人称代词，it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如：
I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。
It’s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦，可是我乐意干。
“Where is the dog?” “It’s in the bedroom. ” “狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。
2. 指人
it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如：
Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?
There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门，一定是邮递员。
【说明】在答语中，常用来指本人，如说 It’s me。
3. 代替某些代词
代词 it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等。如：
“What’s this?” “It’s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。
Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题，是吗?

二、it 作非人称代词的用法
1. 基本用法
it 作非人称代词的用法，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如：
It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。
It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。
It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。
2. 用于某些句型
It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。
It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式，有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s + 时间段 + since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。
It’s + 时间段 + before-从句. 过多长的时间才……

三、it用作形式主语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时，为保持句子平衡，通常把真正的主语放在句末，而在句首使用形式主语it。如：
It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。
It’s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。
2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型
(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。
It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。
【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区别是：
of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，介词for表示对象，意为“对……来说” 。
(2) It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。
【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：It took me an hour to write the letter.
=The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时
(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事
It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。
(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……
It seemed as though he didn’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。
It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。
(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……
If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。

四、it用作形式宾语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。
其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如：
I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。
2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构
(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如：
I like it that you came. 你来了，我很高兴。
I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。
You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻，国防部长不久就要辞职。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有 have, take, put, like 等。
(2) 动词 + it + when (if)-从句。如：
I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。
I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作，好就太好了。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有 enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。
(3) 动词 + prep + it + that-从句。如：
See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。
Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。
You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you. 你放心，他会来接你的。
I can’t answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。
(4) 动词 + it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如：
I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。
I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。

it在强调句中的使用
It is＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋其他
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 
2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句。
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上。
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别。
5. 不管被强调部分是单数还是复数，其前一律用It is / It was，而不能用They are / There were之类的。
6. 被强调部分是指人时，被强调部分后可用that / who，被强调部分指物时，被强调部分后只能用that。
7. 被强调部分是指时间或地点时，被强调部分后通常用that，一般不用when，where之类的。例：
It is I who am right. 是我对。
It was you that were wrong. 是你错了。
It was in the Japan that he died. 他是死于日本。
It was yesterday that he got married. 他是昨天结婚的。
It was a computer that he bought last week. 他上个星期买的是一台电脑。
Where was it that she lived? 她是住在什么地方?
When was it that he left for Japan? 他是什么时候离开去日本的?
Who is it that teaches you English? 是谁教你们英语?

倒装句：
为了强调、突出等语的目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。在倒装句中，颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变，句法成分不变。

倒装句使用情况：
A. 在疑问句中
各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如：
Will they come to see us this weekend ? 这个周末他们将来看我们吗？
Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?
你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗？
Can you speak another foreign language except English?
除开英语，你还能说另一种外语吗？
Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?
你在哪儿买的这本词典，是在附近的书店还是在新华书店？
She is not a student, isn't she ? 她不是个学生，对吗？

B. 在感叹句中
某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如：
Isn't it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊！
What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊！
（在这种句式中，主语在谓语之前，属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言，语序没有倒装。）
Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him ! 你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮！

C. 在陈述句中
陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序；但由于英语语法的某些原因，陈述句也要使用倒装语序。这些原因大致可以归纳如下：
1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用"so + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语"或"neither / nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语"的倒装句式。
其中第一个句式表示"与前面所述的肯定情况相同"， 第二个句式表示"与前面所述的否定情况相同"。例如：
His brother is a college student; so is mine.
他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。
His brother is not a college student; nor is min .
他弟弟不是大学生，我弟弟也不是。
He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.
他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。
He didn't use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.
他没去国外深造过，我也没有。
One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.
我的一个朋友会说三门外国语，他的妻子也会。
One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .
我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语，他的妻子也不会。
They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .
他们正在为期末考试作准备，我们也一样。
They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .
他们没在为期末考试作准备，我们也没有。

2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。
这类词或短语常见的有：
not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than), hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… ,等。例如：
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .
她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。
Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night .
他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .
我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。
No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.
我从新西兰一回国，就买了一栋房子并在那儿住下了。
So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.
就我所知，玛利几乎很难回来看她妈妈。
Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . （否定词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装。）
去年秋天，这儿几乎没下一滴雨。

3）当so, often, only等表示程度、频率的副词放在句首时，句子一般要倒装。例如：Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.
只有这样，你才有可能想出解决这个问题的办法。
So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.
形势如此地严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。
So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. 他太操劳过度以致最后病倒了。

4）当there, here, then, now等副词在句首，且谓语是come, go, be等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。
其意义在于引起他人的注意。如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句。例如：
Now, here goes the story.这个故事是这样的。
Look, there comes the taxi.瞧，出租车过来了。
Then came another question.然后又一个问题提出来了。
Then followed the four-year War of Liberation.接下来是四年的解放战争。

5) 当out, in, away, up, bang等表示方位或拟声词放在句首时，句子一般要全部倒装。
这类句子比自然语序的句子更为生动、形象。但如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句。例如：
Bang goes my ace.我砰地一下打出了"爱司"。
Away flew the bird.那鸟飞走了。
Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.突然进来一个蒙着面具的人。

6) 其他情况还有：省略了if的虚拟条件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些让步状语从句，等等也要用倒装句式。例如：
（省略了if的虚拟条件句）Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.
如果没有他们的帮助，我们不可能把那件事办的如此成功。
Should he come, say "Nobody in" to him.
万一他来了,对他说："公司没人。"
（某些表示祝愿的句子）May our friendship last forever.
愿我们的友谊常存！
May your company become prosperous.
祝贵公司生意兴隆！
（某些让步状语从句）Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.无论我使多大的劲，我也无法搬起那块石头。
They said they would follow the Party's lead come what might.
他们说无论发生什么情况，他们都会跟党走的。

7) 由于修辞或是平衡句子的原因也可以用倒装句；也可以不用。这不是一条必须的规定。
Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated .
家饭店隔壁还有一家装修华丽的大饭店。
On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.
这条大街的两侧都耸立着许多综合楼。（这类句子也可以不用倒装句。）
"I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow," said Tom to his mother (OR: Tom said to his mother) .
汤姆对他妈妈说："我明天动身去北京。"
Many block buildings stood on either side of the great avenue.
许多综合楼耸立在这条大街的两侧。
Another grand hotel, which is beautifully decorated, is next to this one .
这家饭店隔壁还有一家大饭店，那家饭店装修十分华丽。

完全倒装与部分倒装:
1.完全倒装（Full Inversion）：又称"全部倒装",是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
谓语+主语+……
①There be（的各种形式）+主语（+地点或时间状语）
例子：
There was a drop in the temperature.温度下降了
There are brids singing in the tree.鸟儿在树上唱歌。
②副词小品词+谓语动词+名词主语+……
③过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……
2.部分倒装（Partial Inversion）（又称半倒装句）：
指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。
如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。
前一种情况,倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误；
后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
倒装的作用:
通常是希望强调句中的某一部分
1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。
Our teacher came in.
In came our teacher.
这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。
Here it is.
Away he went.
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.

2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。
Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.

3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。
这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.
Under a big tree sat a fat man  half asleep.

4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：
live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。
There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.
In front of the tower flews a stream.

5. so + 动词+主语
neither/ nor + 动词+主语
表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。
否则要用so it is with…
You can ride a bike. So can I .
He has been to Beijing. So have I .
The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.

6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。
句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.

7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。
We seldom get up at four in the morning.
= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.

9. hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。
hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。
The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.

10. not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.
Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.

11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：
only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.

12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句
If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.