本试题 “用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Many great __________ (lead) worked together to fight for peace during the World War II.2. He made a few friends in Shan...” 主要考查您对可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)
形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级
实义动词的单数第三人称形式
实义动词的过去式
实义动词
动名词
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
情况 | 构成方法 | 例词 | 读音 |
一般情况 | 在词尾加-s | desk→desks map→maps |
-s在清辅音后发/s/ |
day→days girl→girls |
-s在元音和浊辅音后发/z/ | ||
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词 | 在词尾加-es | bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes | -es发/iz/音 |
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 | 变y为i再加-es | family→families factory→factories party→patries |
-ies发/iz/音 |
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 | 在词尾加-s | day→days boy→boys key→keys |
-s发/z/音 |
以f或fe结尾的词 | 变f或fe为v再加-es | knife→knives life→lives wife→wives half→halves |
-ves发/vz/音 |
以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 | 在词尾加-es | potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes |
-es发/z/音 |
以元音字母加-o结尾的词 | 在词尾加-s | radio→radios zoo→zoos |
-s发/z/音 |
形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则:
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased
二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)
三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler, cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever
四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...
构成 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
一般加er,est |
tall |
taller |
tallest |
以字母e结尾只 |
large |
larger |
largest |
以一个辅音字母结尾的 |
red |
redder |
reddest |
hot |
hotter |
hottest | |
thin |
thinner |
thinnest | |
|
easy |
easier |
easiest |
happy |
happier |
happiest | |
ugly |
uglier |
ugliest | |
early |
earlier |
earliest | |
其他双音节词和多 |
interesting |
more interesting |
most interesting |
在一般现在时的肯定句中,当主语为非第三人称单数时,谓语动词用原形;
当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。
规则 | 动词原形 | 第三人称 单数形式 | |
s | 一般在词尾加s(读音规则: 清清浊浊元浊, 在清辅音后读清辅音/s/, 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/) |
stop take clean play grow |
stops/s/ takes/s/ cleans/z/ plays/z/ grows/z/ |
es | 以,x,ch,sh,或o结尾的动词 加-es(读/iz/) |
pass fix wash watch do |
passes fixes washes watches does |
ies | 以辅音字母 加y结尾的动词,变y为ies(读/iz/) |
fly carry hurry |
flies carries hurries |
一般现在时,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式
主语是第三人称单数有以下几种情况:
(1) 不可数名词做主语:
Some water is in the glass
(2) 单个的可数名词做主语:
The girl is Chinese. My watch is on the dresser.
(3) He ,she , it 等代词单个做主语:
He is in the tree. She likes her family very much.
(4) 单个的人名,地名或称呼作主语:
Mary is a doctor. Uncle Li speaks a little English.
Changchun is a beautiful city.
(5) 指示代词this, that 等作主语:
This is a pear. That is an apple .
(6) Everyone, everything ,something, nobody, nothing.等不定代词作主语时
Is everyone here today? Everything is ok .
(7)单个数字作主语时:
”8” is a good number in China.
动词单数第三人称形式的一般现在时的句子的否定句、疑问句及特殊疑问句。
否定句:
在主语的后面实义动词前加doesn’t(注意实义动词应恢复原形。)
主语(单三)+doesn’ + 动词原形+其他
Jim likes football变否定: Jim doesn’t like football
He has lunch at school. 变否定:He doesn’t have lunch at school.
一般疑问句及答语,在句子前面加助动词does. 实义动词恢复原形
Does +主语(单三)+ 动词原形+其他
Does your father work ? Yes, he does. /No, he doesn’t
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
特殊疑问词+ does +主语(单三)+ 动词原形+其他
Where does a bird live ?
How does she go to school?
实意动词过去式变化规则: love—loved dance—danced
注:以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlled;
分类
构成
例句
一般情况下
在词尾直接加ed
ask—asked
work—worked
以不发音的e结尾
只加d
以辅音字母加y结尾
变y为i,再加-ed
try—tried
study—studied
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的
重读音节结尾的动词先双写末尾一个字母,再加ed
stop—stopped
permit—permitted
“-ed”的读音规则
1.在清辅音后面读[t],如:help—helped[helpt]
2.在浊辅音或元音后读[d],如:learn—learned
3.在[t]和[d]后读[id],如:want—wantedneed—needed
尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveled/traveled。
特例:picnic—picnicked,另外还有很多动词的过去式是不合乎上述规则的,常见的有:
常用的有:
begin—began, bring—brought, come—came, draw—drew,
drink—drank, drive—drove, eat—ate, feel—felt,
get—got, give—gave, go—went, grow—grew,
have (has)—had, keep—kept, know—knew, leave—left,
make—made, read—read, run—ran, say—said,
see—saw, sit—sat
几个特殊实意动词过去式用法:
a.beat的过去式与原形同形:
beat(打击)
beat(过去式)
beaten(过去分词)
b.lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
lie,lied, lied(说谎)
lay, lain(躺,位于)
c.hang有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
hang,hanged, hanged(处绞刑)
hung, hung(挂,吊)
d. welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词
welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)
welcome, welcome(误)
e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词
hit(打)
hit, hit(正)
hitted, hitted(误)
实意动词使用方法:
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
实意动词的用法:
肯定句:
主语+动词过去式+其它
否定句:
主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
一般过去式:
Did+主语+动词原型+其他
动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)
动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词
动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)
No parking. (禁止停车)
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
2.作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?
3.作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
时态、语态 | 主动 | 被动 |
一般式 | writing | being written |
完成式 having written |
having been written |
与“用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Many great __________ (lead) w...”考查相似的试题有: