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高中一年级英语

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  • 单选题
    All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
    [     ]

    A. in order to have received
    B. in order to receive
    C. so as to be received
    D. so as to be receiving
    本题信息:2011年同步题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.[ ]A. in order to have receivedB. in order to receiveC. so as to be received...” 主要考查您对

介词和介词短语

不定式的被动式

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 介词和介词短语
  • 不定式的被动式

介词和介词短语的概念:

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。


误用介词的三种情况:

1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。


介词的宾语:

 1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
        Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。 
        In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
        I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
        I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。 
       He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
       They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。 
       He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。 
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
        In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
        Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
        His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。 
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。 
        It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
        I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
        He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
        I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
            I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。 
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
        She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
        All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
        Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
        This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
        Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
        This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
        My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
       Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
        He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
        After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
        —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.


不定式的被动式的概念:

如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式要用被动式。如:The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained.


不定式被动式的用法:

一、基本形式:
不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done;若表示动作先于另一动作之前,则用完成式,即to have been done。

二、用法归纳:
不定式被动式在句中可以用作:
1、主语:
如:It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴,甚是荣幸。
        To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事,不是坏事。
        It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。
2、表语:
如:All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。
        Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。
        The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。
3、宾语:
如:She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。
        He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。
        I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。
        They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。
4、定语:
如:I made notes of the things to be mended. 我记下了需要修补的东西。
       The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be hired. 黑人是最先被解雇,最后被雇用。
5、状语:
如:He asked to be kept in formed about developments. 他要求随时向他报告发展情况。
        As she waited to be served, she became very impatient. 她在等候侍者送饭时,很不耐烦。
        She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里,被告知他们度假去了。
6、宾语补足语:
如:He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。
        He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运
7、主语补足语:
如:The court was ordered to be cleared. 有命令要关闭法庭。
        The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 不许将书携出室外。
8、用在“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构中。
如:It's an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。
        It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。
        It's impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。
        The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room201. 这个字条就是请指派一个搬运工到201室去。
        Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? 你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?


动词不定式的被动式之注意点:

 一、注意形式与功用:
不定式的被动式为“to be+过去分词”,表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,具有被动含义。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。
如:It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。
        I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望有人请我去参加晚会。
        Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗? 
        In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present.为 了被选中,他给他们每人都送了礼物。
        The problem seems to be solved soon. 问题好像快要解决了。

二、与不定式的主动式的比较:
1、表示义务的概念,句子的主语是要做的动作或接受动作的人或物时,要用不定式的被动式。
如:These sheets are to be washed. 这些床单要洗一洗。
        The cleaning is to be finished by mid day. 要在中午前打扫完毕。
2、不定式作定语与被修饰词是主谓、动宾、同位等逻辑关系时,多用其主动式。
如:Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting?(=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting主谓关系) 明天要在会上发言的那个男孩在哪里? 
        I have got a letter to write.(=that I will write动宾关系,尤其谓语动词为have, give, bring等时) 我有封信要写。
       Give me a pen to write with.(=that I can write with不及物动词加上相应的介词)给我一枝笔写。
注意:如果动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现,应用不定式的被动式。
如:I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗?(动作执行者不是you)
3、在there be结构中,用不定式的主动式和被动式意义一般差别不大,但有些还是有差别的。
如:There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book. 关于这本书大有可说。
        There is nothing to see. 没有什么可看的了。
        There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即“什么也没看见”)
4、修饰作表语或宾补的形容词的不定式,常用主动式表示被动含义。
如:I don't think English hard to learn. 我认为英语不太难学。

三、双重被动结构有些被动结构后接不定式作宾语、宾语补足语等时,仍然含有被动含义,就得用双重被动结构:
如:The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家认为工作很快就完成了。

四、动作发生的时间不定式多表示未来动作或情况,其被动式也不例外,上述各例皆有体现,尤其是改为定语从句时多为将来时的被动语态。另外我们还要注意以下两点:
1、表示被动关系时,当不定式的动作先于谓语时,可用不定式的被动式的完成时:to have been done;
与谓语同时进行时,要用不定式的被动式的进行时:to be being done。
如:The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 据说死去的妇女受虐待。
        Rain forests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 据报道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。
2、不定式的主动式作含序数词的被修饰词语的定语时,可表示已完成的动作。
如:He was the first man to taste the tomato. 他是第一位品尝西红柿的人。
        They were the last to leave the countryside.他们是最后一批离开农村的。