疑问副词的用法：
1.疑问副词是问何时、何地、如何、因何的副词，主要有when, where, how, why。

2.疑问副词用在句首。
How long have you been staying in America?
你在美国待多久了?

3.疑问副词在句中引导名词子句。
I want to know where she has gone.
我想知道她去哪里了。

4.疑问副词后接不定词构成的名词片语，在句中可以作主词、受词或主词补语。
How to solve the problem gives him a bad headache.
如何解决这个问题使他伤透脑筋。
（How to solve the problem作主词。）
I don't know how to answer the question.
我不知道如何回答这个问题。
（how to answer the question作受词。）
The patient is in urgent need the medicine, but the problem is where to get it.
这个病人急需这种药,但问题是哪里能找到。
（where to get it作主词补语。）

5.疑问副词引导的名词子句可作主词、受词或主词补语。
When we are to start the competition hasn't fixed yet.
我们什么时候开始比赛还没有定下来。
（When we are to start the competition作主词。）
She asked her husband where he had been.
她问她丈夫去哪里了。
（where he had been 作受词。）
The question is when we can finish our work.
问题是我们何时能完成我们的工作。
（when we can finish our work作主词补语。）

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词（一个动词+一个副词性小品）构成，如：wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词，构成不同意义的短语动词。如：He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3）短语动词用法普遍，尤其在非正式语言中：

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .

短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语：

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语，宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后：

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长，则通常放在副词之后：

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词，其结构通常如下：

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的（动词+副词性小品词+介词），这样，宾语就只能放在介词后面：

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如：
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有：
break away (from) 突然逃离；断绝往来，脱离；改掉，破除
break down （机器等）坏了；（计划等）失败；（谈话等）中断；（健康等）变坏；感情失去控制
break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔；训练，使适应
break into 强行进入；突然…起来；打断，插嘴；占用时间
break off 停止讲话；暂停，休息；（使）折断
break out （火灾、战争等）突然发生，爆发
break through 突破；克服，征服；强行穿过；（太阳等）从云层里出来
break up 解散，驱散；（学校等）放假；结束，破裂；击碎；绝交
break with 与…绝交，与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有：
bring about 引起，实现，导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复
bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低
bring forth 产生，引起，结果
bring in 收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕
bring off 从船上救出；设法做成
bring on 带来，引起；促使生长；帮助提高
bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版
bring over 说服，使改变（思想等）
bring through 使度过（困难，危机等）
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如：
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒

初中英语动词短语整理：
1. break
break down破坏，出毛病，拆开
break off暂停，中断
break in破门而入， 打断
break into破门而入，突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯
break through 出现，突破
break up打碎，拆散， 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走，叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要，要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来，喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进，请进; 找来，请来;来访；收回
call off取消; 叫走，转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起，回忆起; 召集，应召入伍   
call out大喊，高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌，落，降，传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版，结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来，赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽，走近     
come back回来   
come from来自，源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒，削减  
cut up连根拔除，切碎

5. die
die of死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）
die from死于（外界原因）    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下，跌倒
fall into 落入；陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过，经受
go over复习，检查                  
go up（价格）上涨，建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低，（日、月）西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出，熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来，记下，使沮丧         
get on进展，进步，穿上，上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假
get over克服，从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展，相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回，收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送，泄露，出卖        
give out发出，疲劳，分发，      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃，让（座位）

10. hand
hand in交上，提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续，坚持
hold up举起，使停顿
hold on别挂电话，等，坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制，阻止
keep away from避开，不接近，
keep on继续，坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找，向上看 
look through翻阅，浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造，打扮，组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱，报复 
pay for付钱，因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起，接人，站起，收听，
pick out挑选，辨认，看出  

19. put
put up张贴，举起，   
put out伸出，扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进，翻译
put away放好，存钱           
put down记下，平息
put on穿戴，上映，              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显，引人注目
stand up 起立，站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒，唤醒，弄醒
stay up 不睡觉；熬夜
depend on依靠；取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开，张开；开发
end up到达或来到某处； 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out（经研究或询问）获知某事
send out 发出，放出，射出
search for 搜索，搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席；露面

21. run
run after追逐，追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉，迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起，引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉，起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事，占用（时间空间）   
take down记录，取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起，考虑，对…看法   
think out（自然）想出办法  
think up想出（设计出、发明、编造）
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到，转向，求助
turn down调低，拒绝               
turn back返回，转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻，出现，音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心，关心；在乎，介意
care for 关心，关怀，照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净，把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除；把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉，得知，认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想，想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果；发展；成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说，得知
hear about听到。。。的事，听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食

直接引语和间接引语关系:
直接引语：直接引述别人的话（句子中有“”）。
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接引语”（句子中一般无“”） 
间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：
人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1.直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。例如：
She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.
2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：
He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.
注意：大多数情况下，if和whether 可以互换，但后有or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。例如：
She asked me whether he could do it or not.
He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：
My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.
4. 直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如：
The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.
注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。
My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.

 一些注意事项:
(1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
(2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.

(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.

(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，
在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.

(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，
在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,
在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
 
(7)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：
He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.
Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.

与how搭配的疑问词组：
How在英语中通常用作副词，是特殊疑问句中本领最大的疑问词。他与其它形容词或副词搭配组成疑问词组
1．How old问年龄、年代。
How old is your friend? 你朋友多大了？
How old is the bridge? 这座桥有多少年代了？
2．How many问可数名词数量。常将可数名词复数紧随其后。如：
How many pictures are there on the wall? 墙上有多少幅画？
How many glasses of milk would you like? 你们想要几杯牛奶？
3．How much询问不可数名词的数量、物品的价格。
How much money is there in the purse? 钱包里有多少钱？
How much are the apples at the moment? 目前苹果什么价钱？
4．How long提问物体的长度、时间的长短。
How long is the Changjia River? 长江有多长？
How long does it take you to do your homework every day?
你每天花多长时间做作业？
5．How soon 对 “in+一段时间 ”提问， 表示“多久之后”。
How soon will you be back? 你多久后回来？
6．How often对表示频率的副词或短语提问。
How often does Mrs. Green go shopping? 格林夫人多久去购一次物？
7．How about用来征求对方意见。
Your father is a worker, how about your mother? 你父亲是工人，你母亲呢？
How about playing games after school this afternoon? 下午放学后做游戏怎么样？
8．How far 问两地间的距离How tall问人（树）的高度；how heavy问重量；how wide问宽；how high可以询问建筑物、山峰高度。
How far is it from the earth to the moon? 从地球到月球有多远？
How tall is Yao Ming? 姚明身高多少？
How heavy is that big box? 那只大箱子有多重？
How wide is the new street? 这条新街有多宽？
How high is the tower in Paris? 巴黎的那座塔有多高？

与what搭配的疑问词组: