语态：
是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构：
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）
① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
如：Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如：The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如：The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如：The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如： He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如：The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。

不用于被动语态的情形：
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如：A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如：My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如：We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。
例如：The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如：Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。
例如：Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用 被动式）。
例如：The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如：This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 ：

时态	被动语态
一般现在时	am/is/are+过去分词
一般过去时	was/were+过去分词
现在进行时	am/is/are being+过去分词
过去进行时	was/were being+过去分词
一般将来时	will be+过去分词
过去将来时	would be+过去分词
现在完成时	have/has been+过去分词
过去完成时	had been+过去分词
情态动词	情态动词be+过去分词

情态动词的被动语态：
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等，
分别表示“能够被……”，“可以被……”，“必须被……”，“需要被……“，应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
（一）一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如：
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce？这项工作必须立即完成吗？
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？
（二）特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如：
Whenmustthisworkbedone？这工作必须在什么时候完成？
Wherecanthelostbookbefound？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？
（三）反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如：
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear，can'tit？这座桥明年能建成，是吗？
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary，shouldit？这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
（四）否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如：
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce．这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，
但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。如：
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday？我的作业应在今天完成吗？
—Yes，theyshould．是的，应在今天完成。（No，theyshouldn't．不，不应在今天完成。）
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？
—Yes，itmust．是的，必须立即上交。（No，itneedn't．不，不必立即上交。）
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce？他必须立即手术吗？
—Yes，hemust．是的，他必须。（No，heneedn't．不，他不必。）

固定搭配：
英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法，如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。
例如：
take part in (参加) 
by accident (偶然地) 
lucky dog (幸运儿)
be interested in (对…感兴趣)

初中英语常见固定搭配：
(一)加-ing
enjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----    
spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---  
try doing 试着做------                
be busy doing sth 忙于做------
finish doing sth 完成做----           
look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)
be doing 正在做---     
Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你

（二）加-to
decide to do sth 决定去做-----             
ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----      
It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)        
would like / want to do 想要做-----    
It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----

（三）加原形
let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事   
be going to / will do sth （一般将来时态）

（四）加-to 或-ing意思不同
forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)    
forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)   
remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)
remember to do记得去做------(还没做)

（五）加-to 或-ing意思相同
begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------

（六）
A）动词+ 介词
agree with同意....的意见(想法)；符合    
help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)  listen to听...              
..get to到达....       
fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据     
knock at /on敲(门、窗)        
laugh at嘲笑
learn.. from 向...学习     
live on继续存在；靠...生活 
look after照顾，照看look at看；观看           
look for寻找             
look like看起来像
pay for (sth.)付钱；支付 
point at指示；指向          
point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢           
quarrel with (和某人)吵架
regard...as ...把....当作....；当作                 
stop...from阻止.....做.....
talk about说话；谈话；谈论                        
talk with与......交谈think about考虑                                  
think of认为；想起
B)动词+ 副词                                                     
ask for请求；询问       
carry on坚持下去；继续下去     
cut down砍倒 
clean up清除；收拾干净  
come down下来；落    
come along来；随同
come in进来            
come on来吧；跟着来；赶快 
come over过来；顺便来访           
come out出来；出现；(花)开；发(芽)      
drop off放下(某物)；下车                              
eat up吃光；吃完
fall behind落在......后面；输给别人            
fall down跌倒；从......落下
find out查出(真相)                                
get back回来；取回
get down下来；落下；把......取下来             
get off下来；从......下来get on上(车)               
get up起床                
give up放弃go on继续               
go out出去     
go over过一遍；仔细检查
grow up长大；成长      
hand in交上来                
hurry up赶快
hold on (口语)等一等；(打电话时)不挂断             
look out留神；注意
look over (仔细)检查                            
look up向上看；抬头看  
pass on传递；转移到....                          
pick up拾起；捡起
put away放好；把....收起来  
put on穿上；戴上；(戏剧等)上演；放(唱片等
put down把(某物)放下来                             
put up挂起；举起
run away流失；逃跑；逃走 
rush out冲出去 
set off出发；动身；
启程send up发射；把......往上送  
shut down把......关上      
sit down坐下
slow down减缓；减速      
take off脱掉(衣服)          
take out取出
throw about乱丢；抛撒                          
trip over (被......)绊倒
try on试穿(衣服、鞋等)；试戴(帽子等)                
try out试验；尝试
turn down关小；调低        
turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等
turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)           
turn over (使)翻过来
wake up醒来                               
wear out把......穿旧；磨坏
work out算出；制订出                               
write down写下....
C) be + 形容词+ 介词                                              
be angry with对(某人)发脾气              
 be interested in对......感兴趣 
be able to能；会                                   
 be afraid of害怕
be amazed at对......感到惊讶            
be excited about对......感到兴奋
be filled with用......充满                            
be full of充满......的
be good at =do well in在....方面做得好；善于             
be late for迟到
be made in在......生产或制造            
be made of由....组成；由....
be pleased with对......感到满意              
be proud of以......自豪/高兴
be used for用于
D)动词+ 名词/ 代词                                               
beg one′s pardon请原谅；对不起         
do morning exercises做早操
do one′s homework做作业                                           
enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐；玩得愉快                   
give a concert开音乐会     
go boating去划船      
go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行     
go skating去滑冰     
go shopping (去)买东西
have a cold (患)感冒    
have a cough (患)咳嗽  
have a headache (患)头痛  
have a try尝试；努力    
have a look看一看         
have a rest休息 
have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐；坐下        
have sports进行体育活动  
have supper吃晚餐   
hear of听说   
hold a sports meeting举行运动会
make a decision作出决定  
make a mistake犯错误  
make a noise吵闹
make faces做鬼脸      
make friends交朋友       
make money赚钱
take one′s place坐某人的座位；代替某人的职务                       
teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学                  
watch TV看电视 
take photos照相       
take time花费(时间)         
take turns轮流
E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词                                  
catch up with赶上           
come up with找到；提出(答案、解决办法等)
get on well with与......相处融洽                   
give birth to生(孩子) 
help yourself / yourselves to自取；随便吃   
make room for给.....腾出地方
play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧              
speak highly of称赞   
say good bye to告别；告辞               
take an active part in积极参加
take care of照顾；照料；注意
F)其他类型                                                        
be awake醒着的          
be born出生         
be busy doing忙着做
come true实现     
do one′s best尽最大努力     
fall asleep睡觉；入睡  
go home回家    
go on doing (sth.)继续做某事；尽力   
get married结婚
get together相聚                  
go straight along  沿着...一直往前走
had better (do)最好(做...)                    
keep doing sth.一直做某事        
make sure确保；确认；查明               
make up one′s mind下决心