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高中一年级英语

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  • 单选题
    The teacher asked us ____ so much noise.

    A. don't make
    B. not make
    C. not making
    D. not to make
    本题信息:2011年专项题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “The teacher asked us ____ so much noise.A. don't makeB. not makeC. not makingD. not to make” 主要考查您对

不定式

直接引语与间接引语

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 不定式
  • 直接引语与间接引语

动词不定式的概念:

动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、
表语、定语和状语。


不定式的特殊句型对比:

1、不定式的特殊句型too…to…:
1)too…to 太…以至于…。
例如:He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。  
        —Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
        —Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carryi t, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为“不太”。
例如:It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语) 
3)当too前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常…等于very。
例如:I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 
            He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
2、不定式的特殊句型so as to:
1)表示目的:它的否定式是so as not to do。
例如:Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。   
            Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2)表示结果:
例如:Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
3、不定式的特殊句型:Why not:
“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不……?   干吗不……?
例如:Why not take a holiday?


不定式的用法:

1、不定式作补语:
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:advise allow cause challenge command compel drive驱使
enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 等。
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。      
            The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。
例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 等。
例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 
            We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)
典型例题:Charles Babbage is generally considered___the first computer.
                    A. to invent 
                    B. inventing 
                    C. to have invented 
                    D. having invented 
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。 3)有些动词可以跟there+to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 等。
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
            You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2、不定式作主语:
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
            It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 
            It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 
            It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
3、不定式作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。  
            His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
4、不定式作定语:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。
例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。   
            There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
5、不定式作状语:
1)目的状语:常用结构为to do,only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)...asto…(如此…以便…)。
例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。  
            I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
例如:I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。  
            He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因:
例如:I'm glad to see you.  见到你很高兴。
            She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件:
例如:He must be a fool to say so.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.
            You will do well to speak more carefully.


不定式知识体系:

 


不定式用法拓展:

1、用作介词的to:
to可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admit to  object to  beaccus to  med to  beused to  stick to  turn to开始 look forward to  be devoted to  pay attention to  contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

2、省去to的动词不定式:
1)情态动词(除ought外)后。
2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see, watch, lookat, notice, observe, hear, listento, smell, feel, find等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。
例如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.  
           The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.
3)would rather,had better句型后:
4)Why…/why not…句型后:
5)help后可带to,也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth:
6)but和except后:
but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。  
            He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
7)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:
8)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。
例如:He is supposed(to be)nice. 他应该是个好人。

3、动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。
例如:Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。 
            She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
4、It's for sb. 和It's of sb. 这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
例如:It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
例如:It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。
例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。  
            He is hard.(非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)


定义:

直接引语:直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号。
        例:He said:" It is too late." 
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,多数以宾语从句的形式构成。
        例:He said it was too late.


直接引语与间接引语的转换:

一、人称代词的变化: 
直接引语变间接引语时,人称代词的变化一般规律是:
        第一人称→第三人称;
        第二人称→第一人称;
        第三人称→第三人称。
        简记为“二一、一三、三留”。 
例:"I'm thinking of changing my address." he said.
   → He said that he was thinking of changing his address.(I和he指同一个人)  
        Xiao Ming asked me, "Are you going to the park with us?"
  → Xiao Ming asked me if I was going to the park with them.(us与them指相同的人,XiaoMing是其中的一员;me和you指同一个人)
       Mr. Li said, "She will attend the meeting."
  → Mr. Li saidthatshewouldattendthemeeting.(Mr. Li和she不是同一个人) 但当说话者是第一人称,直接引语中的主语也是第一人称时,不作变化。 
       I said to my children, "I will give you some presents on Christmas Day."
  → I told my children I would give them some presents on Christmas Day. (I为同一说话者)

二、时态的变化

直接引语变间接引语时,时态的变化规律是往“过去”相应的时态推移:
        一般现在时→一般过去时,
        一般将来时→过去将来时,
        现在进行时→过去进行时,
        现在完成时→过去完成时,
        一般过去时/过去完成时→过去完成时。
如:My father told me, "He will come back next week."
   → My father told me that he would come back the next week.
        She asked me, "Did you finish your homework?"
   → She asked me if I had finished my homework.
注意:直接引语属下列情况时,时态不作变化:
1、直接引语属真理或客观事实时:
如:The teacher said to us, "Light runs much faster than sound."
   → The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound.
2、主句谓语动词是现在或将来某个时态:
如:The old man often says, "I joined the Red Army when I was young."
   → The old man often says that he joined the Red Army when he was young.
3、直接引语带有具体的过去时间状语时:
如:The politics teacher said to us, "The party was founded in 1921."
   → The politics teacher told us that the party was founded in 1921.
4、直接引语谓语有情态动词:had better,would rather及need,must,oughtto等时:
如:He said to me, "I would rather live in the countryside."
   → He told me that he would rather live in the countryside.
5、直接引语为虚拟语气谓语时 e.g.Shesaid,"IwouldbehappyifIwereabird."→ Shesaidthatshewouldbehappyifshewereabird.

三、句型的变化:

直接引语变间接引语时,句型要作适当变化:
1、变陈述句为由that引导的从句(that常省略):
如:"I want to improve my English at school," said the child.
   → The child said(that) he wanted to improve his English at school.
2、变一般疑问句为由if/whether引导的从句:
如:"Are you sure he will come today?"Jenny asked Helen.
   → Jenny asked Helen if/whether she was sure he would come that day.
3、变选择疑问句为由whether...or.../whether...or not引导的从句:
如:"Is he a director or an actor?" she asked me.
   → She asked me whether he was a director or an actor.
4、变反意问句时,要视说话者的语气而定:
(1)表示疑问时,先需去掉后面的反意问句部分,再按一般疑问句变化。
如:"You haven't finished your composition, have you?" the teacher said to me.
   → The teacher asked me if I had finished my composition.
(2)表示提醒或警告等特别语气时,先按陈述句变化,再把间接引语前的动词更换为表示相应语气的动词remind,warn等。
如:"You're late for class, aren't you?" the teacher said angrily to me.
   → The teacher warned me that I was late for class.
5、变特殊疑问词开头的问句为原特殊疑问词引导的从句:
如:"When did you come here?" Tom asked Jim.
   → Tom asked Jim when he had gone there.
6、变祈使句为不定式短语,作动词ask,tell,order,beg,request,advise,offer,warn等的宾语补足语,宾语为说话者的对象,选什么动词,视情况而定:
如:The doctor said to the patient, "Don't eat oily food again."
   → The doctor advised the patient not to eat oily food again.
7、变感叹句为how或what引出的从句,也可用that引出从句:
如:"How clever a boy he is." the teacher said to the mother.
   → The teacher told the mother how clever a boy he was.
或:The teacher told the mother that he was clever boy.
8、直接引语是多个句子时,按其句型特点,用上面的方法分别处理,并用and连接:
如:Mrs. Smith said, "I don't know the way to the station. How can I get there?"
   → Mrs. Smith said that she didn't know the way to the station and asked me how she could get there.
9、若直接引语是What's the matter?/What has happened?/What's wrong with...? 时,变成间接引语语序不变:
如:"What's the matter?" said he.
   → He asked me what was the matter.


直接引语变间接引语词语转化对比:

直接引语 间接引语
this, these that, those
here there
now then
today,tonight that day,that night
this evening that evening
last week the week before
tomorrow the next/following day
yesterday the day before
next week/month/year the next week/month/ year
ago before
come go
注意:如果在当时转述别人话,不必要改变时间状语;在原地转述别人的话,也不必改变地点状语,同样,come也不一定要改为go。
如:John said just now, "I came here yesterday."
    →John said just now that he came here yesterday.