本试题 “根据句意,用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。1. It's impolite to make (noise) while eating noodles.2. By reading this article, we can learn about tabl...” 主要考查您对不可数名词
集合名词
形容词
方式副词
实义动词的过去式
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
不可数名词复数形式的特殊含义:
英语中的专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般为不可数名词,但有时它们却可用作复数形式。
此时它们往往又有了新的含义。
一、专有名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示一家人或夫妻。例如:
Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night?史密斯一家明晚会来参加我们的聚会吗?
2.表示同名或同姓的若干人。例如:
There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class.他班上有两个玛丽和三个罗伯特。
Did the Mr. Blakes come this morning?那几位布莱克先生今天上午来了吗?
二、物质名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示不同的种类,如food,wine,metal, wheat,rice等。例如:
The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的,
First of all,he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden。
首先他列出了一长串禁用的食品。
2.表示量很大,远远超过该词原来表示的程度或次数。这一类词常见的有:
sands(沙滩,沙漠),waters(水域),rains(大阵雨、雨季),winds(大风),times(时代), woods(森林),ruins(废墟),rags(碎片、破衣服),ashes(灰烬、骨灰)。例如:
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.上涨的河水给庄稼造成了很大的损害。
These caves collapse easily in heavy rains.下大雨时这些洞穴容易倒塌。
The children are playing on the sands.孩子们在沙滩上玩。
3.某些表示饮料名称的物质名词往往以复数形式代替单位词。这类词有:coffees,teas等。例如:
The waitress has served twenty teas since four o’clock.从四点起,这位女服务员已上了二十份午茶。
Send two coffees and three lemonades to the room.请将两杯咖啡和三杯柠檬汁送到这个房间。
4.某些物质名词又是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与原来个体完全不同的东西。这类词有:
glasses(眼镜、玻璃杯), irons(熨斗),coppers(铜币),papers(文章,
证件)等。例如:
She is always wearing glasses.她总是戴着眼镜。
He wrote many papers for the newspaper.他为这份报纸写过许多文章。
三、抽象名词的复效形式的含义
1.congratulations, regards, respects,thanks,wishes,apologies等复数形式用来
表示祝愿、礼貌和客气。例如:
It’s your birthday today.Congratulations!今天是你的生日,恭喜你!
You’ve given me so much help.Thanks a lot.你给了我很多帮助,非常感谢。
2.smiles, pities, fears, hopes, kindnesses复数形式表示强调。例如:
He was all smiles.他满脸笑容。
It is a thousand pities.非常遗憾。
I have received many kindnesses from him.他对我非常好。
Great fears are felt for the safety of the missing climbers.人们对失踪的登山者的安全权为担忧。
3.抽象名词具体化。有些抽象名词的复数形式表示具体的事物,如:
cares(烦人的事),anxieties(令人着急的事),worries(使人发愁的事),difficulties(难题),joys(使人高兴的事),failures(失败的事,失败的人),friendships(表示友谊的事例)等。例如:
After listening to his advice,she had no more anxieties.听了他的建议,她不再有发愁的事了。
His friendships never last very long.他与别人的交情从来都不长久。
After many failures,they finally succeeded.经过多次失败之后,他们最后成功了。
4.某些抽象名词在某种场合是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与该个体名词不同的意义,如:
youths(男青年、小伙子), relations(亲属), beauties(美人),necessities(必需品)等。例如:
Twenty youths attended the meeting yesterday.二十个男青年出席了昨天的会议。
All his poor relations came to spend their holidays at his home.他所有的穷亲戚都在他家过节。
集合名词分类及用法特点:
第一类
形式为单数,但意义可以用为单数或复数这类集合名词
包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等。
其用法特点为:
若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。
比较并体会:
His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语。
第二类
形式为单数,但意义永远为复数这类集合名词
包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等。
其用法特点为:
只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(连用)。
如:People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词 head(单复数同形)。
如:five head of cattle 5头牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50头牛
第三类
形式为复数,意义也为复数这类集合名词包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等。
其用法特点是:
只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。
如:Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果货物质量不好,则理应向制造商提出控诉。
第四类
形式为单数,意义也为单数这类集合名词
包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景),jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等。
其用法特点为:
是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。
如:Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 这家医院没有像样的设备。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。
注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。
初中常见集合名词及用法特点:
1. family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等
其用法特点为:
若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are studying English now. 这个班的学生在学习英语。
2. cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等
其用法特点为:
只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:
People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
For these many cattle were killed. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词 head(单复数同形)。
如:three head of cattle 3头牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛。
3. goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等
其用法特点是:
只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。如:
Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。
To whom do these goods belong? 这些书是谁的?
4. baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等
其用法特点为:
是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词 (当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托运了吗?
特别提醒:
machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗,
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。
5. hair(头发,毛发)
指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:
My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。(D21)
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。(D23)
6. mankind(人类)
是一个不可数的集合名词,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。
特别提醒:
mankind 表示“人(类)”时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其表语是复数时。
如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。
7. fruit(水果)
作为集合名词,它通常是不可数的。如:
He doesn’t not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在农村种水果。
但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为可数名词,即a fruit 指一种水果,fruits 指多种水果。体会:
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。
二、某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,作主语时,谓语通常用复数。
常见的此类集合名词有:
cattle,clergy,faculty(教职工), herd,mankind,military,militia(民团、民兵),
people,police,poultry(家禽),swine(猪),vermin,womankind等。
1.There are verm in here.
2.Some people are never satisfied.
3.The police/military have surrounded the building.
4.There are three people waving at us.
5.The police haven't arrived yet.
【注】people作民族讲时有复数形式。如: There are 56 peoples in China.
三、某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,其后可跟单/复数谓语动词。
常见的此类集合名词有:
aristocracy,bourgeoisie(资产阶级),church,elite(精英),gentry,intelligentsia(知识分子),
laity(外行),livestock,majority,minority,proletariat(无产阶级),offspring,public,swarm,youth等。
1.The youth today is /are better off than we used to be.
2.Her offspring is /are like her in every respect.
3.The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman.
【注】youth除了作集合名词以外,还可以作可数和不可数名词。如:
Youth is the tim e for action;age is the tim e for repose.
Som e youths don't like jazz.
四、某些表示国家、公司、机构、运动队等名称的专有名词也可当作集合名词使用,其后通常跟单/复数谓语动词。
常见的此类集合名词有:
Arsenal,BBC,Congress,Krem lin, Liverpool,Macm illan,Netherlands,Parliament,Pentagon,Vatican(梵蒂冈),White House等。
1.Arsenal is /are playing well in this season.
2.Macmillan have /has made a good profit this year.
3.The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican.
4.The Netherlands has /have a monarchy.
5.The BBC is showing the program on Saturday.
6.Liverpool is leading 1—0.
7.Liverpool are attacking again.
五、某些无生命的集合名词(表示物)作主语时,通常被看成不可数名词,谓语用单数。
常见的此类集合名词有:
aircraft,baggage, clothing,crockery,cutlery(刀剪,餐具),equipment,foliage(树叶),
footwear,furniture,glassware,hardware,hosiery,jewellery,luggage,machinery,merchandize,
poetry,pottery,silverware,stationery,underclothing,underwear,vegetation,weaponry等。
1.All the furniture in my room is new.
2.The merchandize has arrived undamaged.
3.There is not much vegetation in deserts.
4.The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped.
5.Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates.
6.The machinery is driven by electrici-ty.
形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能”
He is too young to go to school.
=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。
I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。
Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。
Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:
All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.
所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。
We are building a new school, modern and super.
我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。
All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:
the writer present 出席的作者
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
He is old enough to join the army.
He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
what/who/where/when/when else
something/anything/nothing…else
What else did you do?
Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
方式副词的构成形式:
1.由形容词加后缀-ly构成的词。如:
badly(严重地,非常),slowiy(慢慢地),politely(有礼貌地),proudly(骄傲地),carelessly(粗心地),
properly(适当地,完全地),successfully(成功地),happily(高兴地),angrily(生气地,愤怒地)等。如:
She likes to do a thing properly.她做事力求完美。
2.由分词加后缀-ly构成的词。如:
surprisingly(使人惊奇的是),hurriedly(匆忙地),undoubtedly(无疑,必定),等。如:
You are undoubtedly right. 你肯定是对的。
3.其他方式副词。如:
high(高),wide(宽),deep(深),close(近,接近)等,
其中有些和形容词同形。如:
That’s a high mountain.那是一座高山。(high用作形容词)
He jumped so high.他跳的很高。(high用作副词)
4.具有两种形式的方式副词。如:
high(高)/ highly(高高地,非常),wide(宽)/ widely(广泛地),deep(深)/ deeply (深入地,深深地),close(近,接近)/ closely(细心地)等。如:
This stream is too wide for me to jump across.
这条小溪太宽了,我跳不过去。
She opened the window wide to let in some fresh air.
她把窗子全打开了,以便让新鲜空气吹进来。
一般来讲,与形容词同形的副词表示具体概念,加-ly的副词表示抽象概念。如:
The birds fly high in the sky.
鸟儿在空中高高地飞翔。
Those scientists were highly thought of.
那些科学家受到高度赞扬。
The students often work deep into the night.
那些学生经常学习到深夜。
We were deeply moved by the movie.
我们被这部电影所深深地打动。
注:以下副词:late(迟,晚)/ lately(近来),hard(努力)/ hardly(几乎不),most(最)/ mostly(大部分地,主要地),
near(附近)/ nearly(几乎)等,其两种形式意义完全不同。如:
She was studying hard at the university.她在大学中学习很努力。
My legs were so weak I could hardly stand.我的两腿发软,简直站不住了。
实意动词过去式变化规则: love—loved dance—danced
注:以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlled;
分类
构成
例句
一般情况下
在词尾直接加ed
ask—asked
work—worked
以不发音的e结尾
只加d
以辅音字母加y结尾
变y为i,再加-ed
try—tried
study—studied
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的
重读音节结尾的动词先双写末尾一个字母,再加ed
stop—stopped
permit—permitted
“-ed”的读音规则
1.在清辅音后面读[t],如:help—helped[helpt]
2.在浊辅音或元音后读[d],如:learn—learned
3.在[t]和[d]后读[id],如:want—wantedneed—needed
尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveled/traveled。
特例:picnic—picnicked,另外还有很多动词的过去式是不合乎上述规则的,常见的有:
常用的有:
begin—began, bring—brought, come—came, draw—drew,
drink—drank, drive—drove, eat—ate, feel—felt,
get—got, give—gave, go—went, grow—grew,
have (has)—had, keep—kept, know—knew, leave—left,
make—made, read—read, run—ran, say—said,
see—saw, sit—sat
几个特殊实意动词过去式用法:
a.beat的过去式与原形同形:
beat(打击)
beat(过去式)
beaten(过去分词)
b.lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
lie,lied, lied(说谎)
lay, lain(躺,位于)
c.hang有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
hang,hanged, hanged(处绞刑)
hung, hung(挂,吊)
d. welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词
welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)
welcome, welcome(误)
e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词
hit(打)
hit, hit(正)
hitted, hitted(误)
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