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高中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    ______ we all know is ______ the old gentleman, for ______ life was hard in the past, still works every day.
    [     ]

    A. What; /; whom
    B. What; that ;whose
    C. It; / ; whom
    D. What; that; whom
    本题信息:2011年0108模拟题英语单选题难度一般 来源:姜雪
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本试题 “______ we all know is ______ the old gentleman, for ______ life was hard in the past, still works every day.[ ]A. What; /; whomB. What; that ;whose...” 主要考查您对

连接代词

关系代词

非限制性定语从句

主语从句

表语从句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 连接代词
  • 关系代词
  • 非限制性定语从句
  • 主语从句
  • 表语从句

连接代词的概念:

连接代词常用来引导一个主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever等。


whatever, whoever, whichever 用法说明:

主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句。
如:He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。 
        Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。
        I'll give the ticket to whoever want sit. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。 
        Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
注:其中的ever主要用于加强语气,含有“一切”、“任何”、“无论”之义。使用这类词时,注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构:
如:任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。
误:Anyone comes first can get a ticket./ Who comes first can get a ticket.
正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.


连接代词的用法:

1、连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句:
如:I don't know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。
       What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来很有道理。 
       The question is who(m) we should trust. 问题是我们该信任谁。 
       I'll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。 
       Take whichever seat you like? 你喜欢坐哪个座位就坐哪个?
       I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
注:who, whom, whoever等不用于名词前作定语。
2、what的两种用法。请看以下两个句子:
(1)I didn't know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。
(2)I gave her what she wanted. 我给了她想要的一切。
上面第一句中的what表示“什么”,带有疑问的意味;第二句中的what表示“所…的一切事或东西”,其意义上大致相当于that(those) which, the thing(things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等,又如:
What[=That which] you say is quite true. 你说的完全是事实。
He saves what[=all that] he earns. 他赚多少,积蓄多少。
Call it what[=anything that] you please. 你喜欢叫它什么就叫它什么。
这样用的what有时还可后接一个名词:
如:He gave me what money[=all the money that] he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。
        What friends[=All the friends that] he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在国外。


连接代词知识体系:

 


whatever, whoever, whichever 用法说明:

主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句。
如:He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。 
        Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。
        I'll give the ticket to whoever want sit. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。 
        Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
注:其中的ever主要用于加强语气,含有“一切”、“任何”、“无论”之义。使用这类词时,注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构:
如:任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。
误:Anyone comes first can get a ticket./ Who comes first can get a ticket.
正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.


关系代词的概念:

英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。
如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语,先行词是man) 
        The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
        A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
        He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.


关系代词用法:

1、that与which的用法区别:
      两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:
如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。
(2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:
如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。
(3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时,通常用that:
如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。
        All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
(4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that:
如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
        Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that:
如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
        The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 
(6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:
如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。
(7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:
如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
(8)当要避免重复时:
如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?

2、that与who的用法区别:

(1)两者均可指人,有时可互换:
如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。    
        Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
        He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。
(2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that: 
   ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时: 
如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
   ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):
如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?
   ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):
如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。


关系代词知识体系:

 


关系代词用法拓展:

1、as与which的用法区别
(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which:
如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
        It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
        This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:
如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
(3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用:
①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as:
如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。
②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制:
如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
        He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制:
如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制:
如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。
        She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

2、who与whom的用法区别:
两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格:
如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里?
        The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。
但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:
如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:
(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略:
如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略:
如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。


非限制性定语从句的概念:

非限制性定语是对被修饰名词或代词的附加说明,它不是必需的,如果去掉,也不会影响句子的意思,它与被修饰名词之间通常用逗号分开。
如:The travellers, knowing about the floods, took another road. 游客们知道发了大水,都改道走了。
        The boys, wanting to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些男孩子想踢足球,因为下雨感到失望。


非限制性定语从句用法:

1、引导非限定性定语从句时,只能用which(不用that)。
例如:Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy.
            热是另一种形式的能量,与其他形式的能量一样重要。 (从句表补充说明,而且关系代词which不能换成that。)   
2、引导非限定性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指前面整个句子的含义。
例如:That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
            彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布,却已传得沸沸扬扬。(句子中的which指“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。)   
3、除which外,还可用when,where,who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。
例如:After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life. 
毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我曾度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。                    
Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World WarII, when Jews were badly treated in Germany.  
第二次世界大战期间,爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国,那时犹太人在德国受到不好的对待。   
4、在限定性定语从句中作宾语时,引导词可以省略,但引导非限定性定语从句的关联词不能省。
如:He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother. 
他急于想去医院看望他的继母,他把他的继母当作亲生母亲一样热爱和尊敬。       
The American journalist(whom/who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters.
 播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。   
两例中的关系代词都在从句中作宾语。由于第二例是限定性定语从句,可以省略关系代词;第一例中的引导词不能省略,因为它引导的是非限定性定语从句。   
5、表示“正如”的含义时,通常用as引导非限定性定语从句,也可用which引导;但置于句首时,只能用as引导。   
如:China has basically succeeded in defeating SARS, which/as we have expected.
        正如我们所预料的那样,中国已基本上战胜了“非典”。     
        As is well known to everybody, Tai wan is an inseparable part of China.
        众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。   
但是当非限定性定语从句是否定含义时,就只能用which(而不用as)引导。
如:He didn't win the championship, which I hadn't expected.
        他没获得冠军,这一点是我没预料到的。


非限制性定语丛句中as, which的区别:

1、which引导非限制性定语丛句代表前面的整个句子的时候,一般是对主句的结果的说明。 
      如: He grows too fast, which makes him taller than his classmates.
2、as引导非限制性丛句代表前面整个句子时一般来讲丛句的谓语动词有三种:
A. 含有be动词:
如:He failed the exam, as is natural.
B. 实意动词的被动形式:
如:As is reported, the fire caused a great loss.
C.感官动词和意识类动词如:
如:see, hear, notice, know, learn, realize 等。 
        As you know, I am a teacher.
3、as可翻译为正如,它引导的丛句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后;which引导的该丛句只能位于主句之后。
例1:__A___he realized, I was very useful to him. 
例2:This elephant is like a snake, ___A__anybody can see. 
例3:The sun gives us light and heat, __B___makes the plan tgrow well.
          A. As(as)
          B. which
          C. that
          D. who


限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:



从句

限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
1、不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。 可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。
2、可以用that引导。 不可以用that引导。
3、关联词有时可以省略。 关联词不可以省略。
4、不用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开。 用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开。
5、只能修饰先行词。 可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。

非限制性定语从句的关系词:

关系代词 指代对象 指代人 指代物
主格 who which, as
宾格 whom which, as
所有格 of, whom, whose which, of which, whose
关系副词:when, where

非限定性定语从句的使用规则及注意事项:

1、which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
2、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which。其中,介词的选用,依据从句中的动词所需搭配的介词来选用。例句:
① Attitudes towards day dreaming are changing in much the same way that(inwhich)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
    人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
② I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 
    我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
③ We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
    刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3、as有时也可用作关系代词。
4、在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that。


主语从句的概念:

如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,whichwhatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用。


主语从句用法:

1、主语从句的引导词:
主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导:
如:That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着,真是奇迹。
        When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。
        What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。
        What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
        Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。

2、主语从句与形式主语it:
有时为了考虑句子平衡,通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况:
(1)对于以连词that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语代主语从句:
如:It's a pity that he didn't come. 很遗憾他没来。
(2)对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从句:
如:Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。  
        It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
(3)对关系代词型what引导的主语从句,通常不用形式主语,总是主语从句放在句首:
如:What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。
        What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
(4)如果句子是疑问句,则必须用带形式主语it的结构:
如:Is it true that he is the girl's father? 他是那女孩的父亲,是真的吗?
        How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了?

3、连词that的省略问题:
引导主语从句的连词that有时可省,有时不能省,其原则是:
若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首,则that不能省略;
若that引导的主语从句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that则可以省略:
如:That you didn't go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省)
        It was a pity(that) you didn't go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)


主语从句应注意的几个问题:

1、that引导的主语从句既可放在句首,也可放在句尾,但在下列情况下that从句不可提前。
(1)在It is said/reported...that结构中:
如:It is reported that a bank was robbed yesterday.
(2)在Ithappened/occurred...结构中:
Ithappenedthattheteacherwasnotintheofficethatday.
(3)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时:
如:Is it ture that you will give up the job?
2、下面这种情况常用it作形式主语。在It doesn't matter+what/whatever…结构中。
如:It doesn't matter what you say.
3、由what引导的主语从句谓语动词单复数问题 what引导的主语从句一般按单数对待,但是,在实际使用中究竟按单数还是按复数对取决于其成分的含义。
如:What we need is more time.
        What were left behind were five empty bottles.


表语从句的概念:

用作表语的从句叫作表语从句,它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有
从属连词that、whether、as though(if);
关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等;
关系副词when, where, why, how, however, when。


表语从句用法:

1、表语从句的引导词:
引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether,连接代词和连接副词,关系代词型what,以及as if,as though,because等连词:
如:The fact is that he doesn't really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。
        The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。
        The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。
        That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。 
        It isn't as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。
        It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。
:whether可此导表语从句,但与之同义的if 却通常不用于引导表语从句;because可引导表语从句,但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。

2、连词that的省略问题引导表语从句的that通常不省略,但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略:
如:My idea is(that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。
        The trouble is(that) he is ill. 糟糕的


表语从句用法拓展:

名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句,表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词。
例如:The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how在表语从句中充当方式状语)   
            The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what在表语从句中充当宾语)   
            What I told him was that I would find him a good play.
            我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语,that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,不能省略)   
            That is what I want to tell you. 那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)   
            That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语)
注意:“That is why...”是常用句型,意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”,其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结:
如:That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne.珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后,用这一句来进行概括)。//ThatiswhyIcame.这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构,它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:  
(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样:
如:That is(the reason) why I can not agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。  
(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由,“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果:
如:He did not see the film last night.
        That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果,第二句话说明原因)             
        He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果)