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高中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    ---Are there any books related to the situation around Diaoyu Island?
    ---There’re only a few, ________.
    A.if someB.if anyC.if manyD.if ever

    本题信息:英语单选题难度一般 来源:未知
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本试题 “---Are there any books related to the situation around Diaoyu Island?---There’re only a few, ________.A.if someB.if anyC.if manyD.if ever” 主要考查您对

全部倒装

部分倒装

省略句

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 全部倒装
  • 部分倒装
  • 省略句

全部倒装的概念:

倒装英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前,这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要,需要将谓语动词放在主语之前,这种语序则叫倒装语序。主语和谓语完全倒置叫完全倒装。


完全倒装完全倒装的基本形式是“谓语+主语”,主要见于以下情况:

1、here和there位于句首时的倒装:
表示地点的here和there位于句首时,其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come,go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词:
如:Here's Tom. 汤姆在这里。
        There's Jim. 吉姆在那儿。
        Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 
        There goes the bell. 铃响了。
        There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。
:(1)以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态,即不能说:Here is coming the bus.       
        (2)若主语为代词,则不倒装:
如:Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。
        Here it comes.它来了。
        (3)其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在):
如:There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。
        Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。

2、away和down等位于句首时的倒装:
地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时,其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词:
如:Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。
        Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。
        The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了,史密斯先生进了来。
        Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了,伞都撑起来了。
:若主语为人称代词,则不能用倒装:
如:Away he went. 他跑远了。
        Down it came. 它掉了下来。
3、某些状语或表语位于句首时的倒装:
为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,有时可将状语或表语置于句首,句中主语和谓语完全倒装:
如:Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。
        By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人,手里拿着一本杂志。
:在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中,要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致,而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。
比较:In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。
            In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。
4、现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首的倒装:
有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装:
如:Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。
        Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。
        To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。


部分倒装的概念:

倒装英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前,这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要,需要将谓语动词放在主语之前,这种语序则叫倒装语序。主语和助动词倒置叫部分倒装。


部分倒装:

1、含有否定意义的副词位于句首时的倒装:
在正式文体中,never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首,则其后要用部分倒装:
如:I shall never forgive him./ Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。
        He seldom goes out for dinner./Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。
        She hardly has time to listen to music./Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。
        He little realize show important this meetingis./Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。   
        We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off./No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。
:(1)对于not…until句型,当not until…位于句首时,其后的主句要用倒装语序:
如:He didn't leave the room until the rain stopped./Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。
        (2)某些起副词作用的介词短语,由于含有否定词,若位于句首,其后要用部分倒装:
如:On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。
        In[Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him. 无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是,in no time(立即,马上)位于句首时,其后无需用倒装语序:
如:In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。
2、“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装:
当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时,其后用部分倒装语序:
如:Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。
        Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。
        Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。
3、“so+形容词或副词”位于句首时的倒装:
副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时,其后用部分倒装:
如:So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。
        So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我们几乎没法像它的速度。
        So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然,我们来不及逃跑。
4、“So+助动词+主语”倒装:
当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构:
如:You are young and so am I. 你年轻,我也年轻。
        She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐,我也喜欢。
        If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事,我也能。
:(1)若前面提出某一否定的情况,要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况,则应将其中的so改为neither或nor:
如:You aren't young and neither am I. 你不年轻,我也不年轻。
        She hasn't read it and nor have I. 她没有读它,我也没有读。
        (2)注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别:
如:"It was cold yesterday." "So it was."“昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”
        "Father, you promised." "Well, so I did."“爸爸,你答应过的。”“嗯,是答应过。”
5、由not only…but also引出的倒装:
当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时,not only后的句子通常用部分倒装形式:
如:Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师,而且是一位诗人。
        Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。
6、虚拟条件句省略if后构成的倒装:
当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时,如将if省略,则要将had, were, should等移到主语前,构成倒装句:
如:Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. 若你昨天来,你就会见到他了。
        Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么,可以给我打电话。
        Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助,我会仍然无家可归。
注:省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词:
如:Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱,我就会买它。

省略句的概念:

在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。


简单句中的省略

1、省略主语:
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。
如:(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法。
如:(I)Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。 
        (It)Doesn't matter. 没关系。
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分:
如:(There is)No smoking. 禁止抽烟
        (Is there)anything else? 还有其他事吗?
        (You come)This way please. 请这边走。
        (Will you)Have a smoke? 抽烟吗?
3、省略宾语:
如:—Do you know Mr. Li? 你认识李先生吗?
        —I don't know (him.) 我不认识他
4、省略表语:
如:—Are you thirsty? 你30岁了吗? 
        —Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5、同时省略几个成分:
如:—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗?
        —(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。
       (I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好运/祝你顺利。


省略句在复合句中的应用:

一、并列复合句中的省略:
并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。
如:The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman. 
        这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
        Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
        Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework.
        汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
        Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略:

1、状语从句中的省略:一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:
1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;
2)由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;
3)由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4)由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;
5)由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
连词(as,as if, once)+名词;
连词(though, whether, when)+形容词;
连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语;
连词(when, while, though)+现在分词;
连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词;
连词(as if,as though)+不定式。
如:Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.
        庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。 
        Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。 
        He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到处看似乎在找什么东西。 
注意
①当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。
如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
②当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容词的结构。
如:Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。

2、定语从句中的省略:
1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略;
如:Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which, whom不可以省略。
比较:Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)   你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
            Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when, where,和why经常用that来代替,甚至还可省略。
如:This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss.
这是他第一次麻烦老板。
        He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday.
他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
        Could you tell us the reason(why/that) he was so unhappy?
你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的the way时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或in which,或将它们全部省略。
如:I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her.
我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3、宾语从句中的省略:
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。
如:I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
       He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order.
他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2)由which, when, where, how, 和why引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。
如:I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
       He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)
他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4、在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略:
如:Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms.
法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5、主句省略多用于句首:
如:(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6、在答语中,主句可全部省略。
如:—Why were you absent from school last Friday?
        —(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.
        —上周五你为什么没有上学?
        —因为我妈妈病了。


动词不定式省略:

1、保留to的场合:
(1)不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:
love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。
如:—You should have thanked her before you left.
        —I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.   
        —你本该在离开前谢谢她。
        —我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。
       You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做,你可以这么做。
(2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:
ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。
如:The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。
        She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。
(3)不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:
happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。
如:—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat? 
        —Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat). 
        —我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?
        —没关系,我很愿意。
(4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。
如:He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。

2、省略to的场合:

(1)主语部分有to do,系动词is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。
          如:The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
(2)作介词but, expect, besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,不定式通常省去to。
          如:He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable.
                  他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。
(3)主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。
          如:All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。
(4)当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。
          如:It is easier to say than to do. 说起来容易,做起来难。
(5)在would rather...than...等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略。
          如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
(6)在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。
          如:I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间。 
                 Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?