限制性定语从句的概念：

限制性定语是指对被修饰名词或代词的必需修饰，是被修饰名词或代词不可缺少的修饰语，如果去掉它句子意思往往会不明确或会发生变化。
如：The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
        The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。

关系代词引导的定语从句：

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
例：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）      
       He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2)Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）
例：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。  
        Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）
            The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语）

关系副词引导的定语从句：

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。
例如：There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
            Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
            Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，
例如：His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
            He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

限定性定语与非限定性定语的区别：

1、形式不同：
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2、功能不同：
 限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整：
如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
        His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
3、翻译不同：
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开：
如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
        I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4、含义不同：
如：I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
        I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5、先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；
另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句：
如：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
        He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
        Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)  
        Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6、关系词不同：
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。

判断关系代词与关系副词方法：

一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
            I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错
（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对）This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
（对）I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注：习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
        A. where 
        B. that
        C. on which
        D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.  
        A. where 
        B. that
        C.on which
        D. the one
答案：例1：D，例2：A
例1变为肯定句：This museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句：This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注：在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。
而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。

定语从句知识体系：

关系代词that的用法：

1）不用that的情况：
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
如：（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介词后不能用：
如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.
        We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be句型中，只用that，不用which。
b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e)先行词既有人，又有物时。
例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.  所需的只是供油问题。  
        Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

there be句型的概念：

英语中的there be结构主要表示某处存在有某物，所以通常被称为存在句。其中的there为引导词，无词义，be为谓语动词，therebe后面的名词为句子主语。

therebe结构的否定式和疑问式：

 1、否定式：
there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：
如：There is not any bread left. 没有一点面包了。
        There isn't anything I can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后：
如：There can't be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。
        There shouldn't be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。
        There haven't been any parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。
另外注意以下类型的否定式：
如：There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. 在钱的问题上似乎没发生什么困难。
2、疑问式：
there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：
如：Is there any good film on? 映什么好电影吗?
        Is there room for me in the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?
        Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式：
如：Has there been an accident? 出事了吗?
        Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的发展吗?
        Can there have been so much rain there？那儿会下过那么多雨吗？
另外注意以下类型的疑问式：
如：Uncle Jesse, why do there have to be poor people like those? 杰西叔，为什么一定要有他们那样的穷人?

there be结构的谓语形式：

1、主谓一致问题：
 若只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致：
如：There is a man at the door. 门口有个人。
        There are some girls in the room. 房间里有几个女孩。
        There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
2、时态问题：
there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现，它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式：
如：There is going to be[will be] an English film tonight. 今晚将有一场英语电影。
        There was a lot to be done. 有很多事要做。
        There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
        There have been many such accidents. 已发生了好几起那样的事故。
        There had been two seafights between them. 他们之间发生了两场海战。
3、与情态动词连用：
there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用：
如：There may be a storm tomorrow. 明天可能有风暴。
        There used to be a hospital here. 原来这里有家医院。
        He felt there must be something wrong. 他感到准有什么问题。
        There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。
        There ought to be a comma here. 这儿应有一个逗号。
4、动词be换成其他动词：
有时可将there be中的动词：be换为live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等：
如：Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Joe Beef. 从前有个人名叫乔·比夫。 
        There seems[appears] something the matter with her. 她好像是出了什么事似的。
        There existed different opinions on this problem. 对这个问题曾有不同看法。
        There remained just twenty-eight pounds. 只剩28英镑了。
        At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 在小山顶上有一座古庙。
5、与其他动词搭配使用：
there be结构有时可与其他动词搭配使用，构成一种复合谓语：
如：There seemed to be nobody about, so I went in. 附近似乎没有人，因此我就走了进去。
        There happened to be a man walking by. 恰好有一个人从旁经过。

therebe结构的非谓语形式：

基本结构：there be结构的非谓语形式有两种基本结构，即there being和there to be：
1、there being结构该结构的主要用法有：
(1)用作状语：
如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于没什么其他的事要干，所以我们就回家了。
        There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于没有下雨，所以地面很干。
【注】有时可与状语从句转换：
如：There being no further business(=As there was no further business), I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了，我宣布闭会。
(2)用作介词宾语：
如：There is now some hope of there being a settle ment of the dispute. 现在有点希望可以解决这次争端。
2、There to be结构该结构的主要用法有：
(1)用作动词宾语：该结构可用作某些动词（如like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider等）的宾语：
如：I don't want there to be any misunderstanding. 我可不希望有任何误解。
        Students hate there to be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
        We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。
【注】在let there be结构中，动词be不带to：
如：Don't let there be any noise. 不允许有任何吵闹。
        Let there be no mistake about it. 这事不要出错。
(2)用作介词for的宾语：
如：They asked for there to be another meeting. 他们要求再开一次会议。
【注】用作介词宾语一般用there being，但用作介词for的宾语时，只能用there to be。
比较：They planned on there being another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。
            They planned for there to be another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。

几个重要句型和结构：

 1、There is no doing结构：
其意为“不可能…”、“无法…”：
如：There's no denying the fact. 这一事实不容否认。
        There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。
        There is no knowing what he will do next. 无法知道他下一步要干什么。
        There was no telling when she would be back. 没法知道她什么时候回来。
2、There is no difficulty in doing sth结构：
意为“做某事没有困难”：
如：There is no difficulty in finding his office. 找到了他的办公室没费一点劲。
        There was no difficulty in carrying out the plan. 执行这项计划没什么困难。
3、There's no doubt…结构：
意为“毫无疑问…”：
如：There is no doubt of his success. 毫无疑问他一定会成功。
        There could be no doubt that he was one of the best writer in this country. 毫无疑问他是这个国家最优秀的作家之一。
4、There is no hurry(to do sth)句式：
其意为“不用急(于做某事)”：
如：There's no hurry to return the book. 现在不急于还书。
        There's no hurry, so do it slowly and carefully. 不用赶时间，要慢慢细心地做。
5、There's no need for…结构：
其意为“不需要或不必要…”：
如：There is no need for help. 不需要帮助。
        There is no need for you to go. 你没有必要去。
6、There is no question about...结构：
其意为“…是毫无疑问的”：
如：There's no question about his success. 毫无疑问他会成功。
        There's no question about his honesty. 毫无疑问他是诚实的。
7、There is no question of doing sth句式：
其意为“做某事是不可能的”：
如：There is no question of his coming. 他不可能会来。
        There is no question of our arriving on time. 我们不可能准时赶到。
8、There is no sense in doing sth结构：
意为“做某事没有道理或好处”：
如：There's no sense in criticizing him. 批评他也没有用。
        There's no sense in waiting three hours. 等三小时是不没有道理的。
9、There's no point in doing sth句式：
意为“做某事没有用”：
如：There's no point(in) telling her about it. 告诉她没有用。
如：There's no point in wasting time. 耗时间没用。
【注】以上有的结构中的no根据情况也可换成其他限定词：
如：There is some difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事有些困难”。 
        There is much difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事许多困难”。
        There's a need for… 意为“需要或有必要…”。
10、“there be＋名词＋动词”结构：
（1）there be+宾语+现在分词现在分词表示主动关系，同时表示动作正在进行：
如：There is some one waiting for him. 有人在等他。
        There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。
        There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
        There were a group of young people working in the fields. 有一群青年在地里劳动。
有时现在分词可表示一种状态：
如：There's a piano standing against the wall. 靠墙有一架钢琴。
        There're a lot of difficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。
        There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。
有个别现在分词用于该结构时可以表示将来(正如它们可用进行时表示将来一样)：
如：There are ten people coming to dinner. 有10个人来吃晚饭。
（2）there be+宾语+过去分词过去分词表示一种被动关系，同时表示动作已经发生：
如：There is nothing written on it. 上面没写东西。
        There were ten people killed in the accident. 事故中有10人丧生。有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构)：
        There were some old men seated(=who were seated)in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。
        There is a red car parked(=which is parked)outside the house. 房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。
（3）therebe+宾语+不定式不定式通常表示动作尚未发生：
如：There was nobody to look after the child. 没有人照顾这孩子。
        There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人要来给他送行。
        There was so much to lose that we couldn't take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失，因此我们不能冒险。
【注】当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主动表被动，也可用被动式：
如：There is much work to do[to be done]. 有许多工作要做。有时其中的不定式为系表结构：
        There is nothing to be afraid of. 没什么可怕的。
        What was there to be afraid of. 有什么可怕的?
        There's nothing to be ashamed of. 没有什么值得羞愧的。