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初中三年级英语

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  • 填空题
    词形变化。
    1.There are two babies ________(sleep) in the room. Be quiet.
    2. Look, how ________ I am to hear from my father! (excite)
    3. Kate, believe in _______(you)and you are sure to succeed.
    4. I think you'll take action much ________(easy)if you wear red.
    5. More than two ______ (nine) of the land can be farmed.
    6. At the gate, Daniel found a necklace _______ (lie) on the ground.
    7. I'm sorry you are too late. All the tickets ________(sell) out this morning.
    8. She likes talking to others while _________(wait) for the bus.
    9. One of our duties is ________(study) hard.
    10. Whose drawing is _________(bad), Tom's, yours or Jim's.
    11. This is an ________(usual) story, do you want to listen to it.
    12. I wish everyone would pay attention to _______(protect) the environment.
    13. How many _________(enter) are there in this building.
    14. They often meet on the playground _________(play) football.
    15. Have you ever read the novel __________ (write) in 1992.
    本题信息:2011年江苏期中题英语填空题难度一般 来源:姜雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “词形变化。1.There are two babies ________(sleep) in the room. Be quiet.2. Look, how ________ I am to hear from my father! (excite)3. Kate, believe ...” 主要考查您对

可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)

序数词

反身代词

形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级

形容词

副词

被动语态

不定式

分词

动名词

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)
  • 序数词
  • 反身代词
  • 形容词的比较级,形容词的最高级
  • 形容词
  • 副词
  • 被动语态
  • 不定式
  • 分词
  • 动名词
可数名词:
是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;
因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。
名词单数变复数的规则:
情况 构成方法 例词 读音
一般情况 在词尾加-s desk→desks
map→maps
-s在清辅音后发/s/
day→days
girl→girls
-s在元音和浊辅音后发/z/
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes -es发/iz/音
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i再加-es family→families
factory→factories
party→patries
-ies发/iz/音
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 在词尾加-s day→days
boy→boys
key→keys
-s发/z/音
以f或fe结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves
-ves发/vz/音
以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes
-es发/z/音
以元音字母加-o结尾的词 在词尾加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos
-s发/z/音
巧记以ffe结尾的可数名词复数
妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife ↑
追得贼狼满街跑,thief,wolf →→→变f或fe为v,再加es
碰倒架子丧己命,shelf,self,life ↓
手帕树叶半空飘。handkerchief,leaf,half ↓
名词复数的不规则变化:
1.不规则形式:
child→children(儿童)
man→men(男人)
woman→women (女人)
an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)
foot→feet(脚)
tooth→teeth(牙)
mouse→mice(老鼠)
ox →oxen(公牛)
goose→geese(鹅)

2.单复同形:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means,Swiss
除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,twometers

3.集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数:
people police cattle是复数
(OK :a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss )
(Error:a people,a police,a cattle )
表示国民总称时,作复数用。
(The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。)

4.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
news是不可数名词。

5.表示由两部分构成的东西,
glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes(衣服)
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双)a pair of glasses  two pairs of trousers suit(套)

6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼)
可数名词变复数的几种形式: 
1) 单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.   
2) 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.  
3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.   
4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs,proofs, chiefs.  
5) 以o结尾的名词,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.  其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.   
6) 不规则名词:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice.
7) 单复数同形的名词:sheep,fish,dee.
注意:fish表示种类时,也用fishes这样的形式。
序数词:
是数词的一种,主要在英语语法中讲到,在汉语中表示为“第几”。如:first, second, third, fourth

序数词的读法与写法:
序数词写法:

1 first ;2 second ; 3 third  ;4 fourth ; 5 fifth ;
6 sixth ;7 seventh; 8 eighth;9 ninth ;10 tenth ;
11 eleventh ;12 twelfth ;13; thirteenth ;14 fourteenth;15 fifteenth
16 sixteenth ;17 seventeenth ;18 eighteenth;19 nineteenth;
20 twentieth ;30 thirtieth ;40 fortieth ;50 fiftieth ;60 sixtieth ;70 seventieth;80 eightieth ; 90 ninetieth

多位序词:
由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。
one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一
one thousand three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十
two hundred and fifty-second 第二百五十二

缩写:
有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有:
first——1st ;second——2nd ;third——3rd; fourth——4th ;sixth——6th ;twentieth——20th;twenty-third——23rd
其中lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。


序数词前不加the的情况:
在英语中,使用序数词时前面要加定冠词 the,但是,在下面的情况下则不加 the:
1.当序数词前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰时,序数词前不用 the。
Mother was my first teacher in my life.妈妈是我生命中的第一个老师。
Tom is Lily's third boyfriend. 汤姆是莉莉的第三个男朋友。
2.当表达分数时,序数词前不用 the。
One fifth of the students here are from the country. 这儿1/5的学生来自农村。
Three fourths of the students here are from the country. 这儿的3/4的学生来自农村。
3.当表达“又一,再一”时,序数词前不用 the,但可加不定冠词。
Please give me a second chance. 请再给我一次机会。
The poor woman had a third baby. 那个可怜的妇女又生了第三个宝宝。
4.当表达“年月日”时,尤其在朗读时,序数词前要加 the。
He was born on June 6th, 1974. 他出生在1974年6月6日。
5.当序数词在句中作状语时,序数词前不用 the。
Who got there second? 谁第二个到那儿的?
I finished the work first. 我最先完成那项工作。
6. 当表达考试(比赛等)中获得的名次时,序数词前不用 the。
She stands first in her class. 她在班上成绩排名第一。


基数词变序数词的口诀:
基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th。
一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d。
八去t,九除e,ve要用f替,ty将y变成i,th前面有个e。
若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
整十基数变序数,先把ty变成tie,要是遇上两位数,十位基数,个位序,th最后加上去。
或者一,二,三变字体;th从4上起;8加h,9减e;用f 代ve;ty变为tie。

序数词的语法功能及用法:
序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
The second is what I really need. 第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语)
He choose the second. 他挑选了第二个。(作宾语)
We are to carry out the first plan. 我们将执行第一个计划。(作定语)
She is the second in our class.在我们班她是第二名。(作表语)
注:序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再—”,“又—”。
We'll go over it a second time. 我们得再念第二遍。
We've tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了,还必须试一次(第四次)吗?
表示顺序的序数词
只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠词。
the first lesson——Lesson One    the fifth page——Page 5(five)
the twenty-first room——Room 21(twenty-one)


反身代词:
是一种表示反身或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。
因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性质、数上保持一致。
它由第一人称、第二人称的形容词性物主代词和第三人称代词宾格,加上self或selves构成。


变为反身代词构成:
1、第一、二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词加上-self或-selves构成的。如:
I--myself we--ourselves you(单数)
-- yourself you(复数)-- yourselves
2、第三人称的反身代词是由人称代词的宾格加上-self或-selves构成的。如:
she--herself 
he --himself
it--itself 
they--themselves 
one--oneself
例句:
In his twenties, Charles began to write and soon became famous.查尔斯二十多岁的时候开始写作,很快就出名了
It is myself that solved all the problems.是我自己解决了所有的问题。
I want to dress myself warmly.我要穿暖和一点。

变化歌诀:
反身代词代自己,懂得规律很好记
单数人称加self,复数人称selves
一二人称都一样,所有格后加自己
第三人称不一样,要用宾格加自己


反身代词使用注意事项:
①反身代词不能做主语,但可作主语同位语,放在主语后或句末。如:
我自己去了电影院。
错:Myself went to the cinema .
对:I went to the cinema myself.
②反身代词可以作宾语的同位语
You can go and ask John himself.翻译:你可以去问约翰本人。
③反身代词可以作介词的宾语。
by oneself 全靠自己;
say to oneself 自言自语。
She learnt swimming all by herself.
她是自学游泳的。
She said to herself,"Who am I?"
她自言自语的说:“我是谁?”
④反身代词作动词的宾语
enjoy oneself 玩得高兴;
help oneself (to) 随便用……;
hurt oneself 伤害自己;
teach oneself 自学;
get dressed oneself 自己穿衣
seat oneself 就坐

反身代词用法口诀:
反身代词表自身,句中可作三成分
动介后面用作宾,表示动作回自身
句中强调同位语,主语宾语后变跟
系动be后作表语,这个用法要牢记

反身代词有的用法:
1、作宾语,此时的宾语指的就是主语。
A.非强调用法
这种用法通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。
它在句中作宾语,不能省略,否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句。例如:
(1)Jane is too young to look after herself.(简年纪太小,以至于不能照看自己)
(2)I teach myself English.(我自学英语)
(3)He didn't hurt himself, thank goodness.(他未伤了他自己,谢天谢地。)

B.强调用法
反身代词在强调用法中表示强调,即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气,可译成“亲自”、“本人”。
此时,它在句中作同位语。即使去掉,也不影响句子的完整性。例如:
(1)You must do it yourself.(你必须自己做)
(2)I myself did the homework last night。(昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业)

C.与by搭配
当反身代词与by搭配时,意为:单独地,没有人帮助的。例如:
(1)We must finish it all by ourselves.(我们必须全靠自己去完成。)
(2)He can swim all by himself.(他能独自一个人游泳。)

D.宾语转换为主语一定要记牢有些形容词需有反身代词
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
We enjoyed ourselves last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。

E.用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

F.注意:有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up,sit down ,wake up等。
注:反身代词和人称代词作宾语时具有不同的含义。如:
He saw himself in the mirror.他在镜子里看见了他自己。(himself 和 he 为同一人)
He saw him in the mirror.他在镜子里看见了他。(him 显然指另外一人)

2、作表语,此时的表语指的就是主语。可用在be,feel,seem,look等系动词之后,通常描述身体、精神等方面的感觉或状态。例如:
After a few days of rest,he was more himself again.
休息几天之后,他的身体好多了。
She does't look herself today.
她今天看上去神色不正常。
I am not myself today.
我今天不舒服。

3、作同位语,用来加强语气或表示强调,可译为“亲自”,“本人”。如果省去反身代词,句子含义也不会有实质性的改变。
这样用时,反身代词在句中的位置比较灵活,如果是做主语的同位语,可以紧跟在该名词或代词的后面,也可置于句末。
The thing itself is not important. 翻译:事情本身并不重要。

4、在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.

5、作主语
反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错)Myself drove the car.
(对)I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
例如:Charles and myself saw it.
反身代词不能做主语,但可以放在主语后或句末。
例如:I did it by myself.


 

 单数

复数 

 第一人称

myself 

 ourselves

 第二人称

 yourself

 yourselves

 第三人称

 himself
herself
itself

themselves 


形容词的比较级:
当两种物体之间相互比较时,我们要用形容词或副词的比较级;
当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时,我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。

形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则:
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased

二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
    ---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)

三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler,  cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest /  more clever , most clever

四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...


形容词的比较级和最高级用法:
形容词比较等级用法:
 1.没有比较对象时,用原级。
 I have a new computer.
 2.两者比较,程度相同。
 A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B.
 Our school is as beautiful as theirs.
 3.两者比较,程度不同。
 A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B.
 The weather here is not as hot as that in the south.
 4.A比B更…
 The earth is bigger than the moon.
 5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,a bit,any等修饰。
 Your room is much bigger than mine.
 I’m a little shorter than her.
 6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义:
 John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys.
 两者不属于同一范畴,不能用other.
 Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang.
 7.“比较级+and+比较级”   表示“越来越…”
 China is becoming more and more beautiful.
 Days are getting longer and longer.
 8.用the+比较级,the+比较级  表示”越…就越…”.
 The busier he is, the happier he feels.
 9. Which/Who+is+比较级     A或B?
 A和B哪一个/谁更…?
 Which is better,this one or that one?

 最高级用法:
 表示三者或三者以上的人或物的比较,一个在某方面超过其他两个或多个时,用最高级,结构是
 主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of/in短语。
 This story is the most interesting of the three.
 1. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数
 它的意思是最…之一。
 English is one of the most important languages in the world.
 2. which/who…+is+形容词最高级
 “…最...”
 Which is the heaviest,the horse,the sheep or the elephant?
3.最高级前可以用序数词
 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则:

构成 

 原级

比较级 

最高级 

一般加er,est

 tall

taller 

tallest 

以字母e结尾只
加 r,st

 large

larger 

largest 

以一个辅音字母结尾的
重读闭音节,双写这一辅
音字母后再加er,est

 red

redder 

reddest 

 hot

 hotter

hottest 

 thin

 thinner

thinnest 


以辅音字母+y结尾的词,
将y变为i再加er,est

easy 

 easier

easiest

happy

 happier

happiest 

 ugly

 uglier

ugliest 

 early

 earlier

earliest 

其他双音节词和多
音节词,在词前
加more或most

 interesting

more interesting 

most interesting 


形容词
简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。
她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.
这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.
对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.
你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能:
一、作定语
He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。
Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。
二、作补语
形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如:
The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。
Don't marry young.不要早婚。
三、作状语
形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如:
Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。
Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。
四、做表语
The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。
五、做主语
Old and young joined the discussion.
Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语
Very good!Say it again.
Stupid!He must be crasy.

形容词的几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。

"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better. 越多越好。

" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。

主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。
This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。

the + 形容词 表示某种人。
He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。
I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。

以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.             (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
   (对) Her singing was lovely.  (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

too+adj.+to句型   “太…而不能”
  He is too young to go to school.
 =He isn’t old enough to go to school.
 =He is so young that he can’t go to school.


形容词的位置:
1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语  
单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:  
a red flower一朵红花
an interesting story一个有趣的故事  
six blind men 六个盲人
my own house我自己的房子
如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。
如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。  
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情况告诉我。  
    I have nothing important to do today.今天我没有重要的工作要做。  
    Do you know anybody else here?这儿你还有认识的人吗?  
3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:  
    It is a problem difficult to work out.这是一道难以解决的问题。  
    Edison is a student difficult to teach.爱迪生是个很难教的学生。  
    This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.这是一种易栽的花。  
4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:  
    All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.  
    所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。  
    We are building a new school, modern and super.  
    我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。  
    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。  
5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:   
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?   
Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。
6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:  
the writer present 出席的作者  
the present writer 现在的作者
7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。
This river is about 100 metres wide.
The building is more than 50 metres tall.
 He is less than 40 years old.
8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。
They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough.
 enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。
 He is old enough to join the army.
 He isn’t old enough to go to school.
9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后
 what/who/where/when/when else
 something/anything/nothing…else
 What else did you do?
 Do you have anything else to say?
10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。


形容词知识拓展:
名词化的形容词:
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语;
表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。
Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.
The old are taken good  care of in American.
the+形容词,常见的短语有:
the old/the young/the sick/the white/
the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)

形似副词的形容词:
以-ly结尾的词通常是副词,但是下列词为形容词。
friendly  lonely (孤独的) ;lively (活着的);lovely(可爱的)

复合形容词的类型:
(1)名词+过去分词  man-made satellite 人造卫星
(2)形容词+现在分词  a good-looking man
(3)形容词+名词  second-hand cars
(4)数词+名词-ed   three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子
(5)数词+名词  400- metre race
(6)副词+现在分词  hard-working students
(7)副词+过去分词  well-known writers
(8)形容词+形容词  a dark-red jacket
(9)形容词+过去分词  ready-made clothes 成品服装

含有形容词的常用句型:
(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.
(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )
It’s very kind of you to help me.
(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)
It’s important for us to learn English well.
(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式
 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…
 I'm glad to see you.
表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain…
 I’m sorry to hear that.

某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词
the moving story 令人感动的故事
a moved boy   一个被感动的男孩
a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子
a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
副词:
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序:程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
1)表示发生时间的副词:
It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了!
2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
 He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词:
1)有不少表示地点的副词:
She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
①用作介词:Stand up!  起立!
②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词: 
It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

副词的语法作用:
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
He works hard. (作状语)
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. (作状语)
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? (作表语)
她在家吗?
Let's be out. (作表语)
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!(作补语)
让他出去!
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.


不同类型副词的用法比较:
方式副词:
1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

程度副词和强调副词 :
1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”:   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗?
  [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
a. 修饰形容词等:
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
 b. 修饰比较级:
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

疑问副词和连接副词:
1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)

一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。


副词的位置:
1、实义动词前,be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了,我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。

3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱?
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。

5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么?
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

6、否定副词在句首,句子要倒装,如:
Never have I felt so excited!
兼有两种形式的副词:
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态,而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。
语态:
是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;
如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构:
主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者)
① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词
如:Trees are planted every year.
② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如:The road is being repaired. 
③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
如:The work has been finished.
④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
如:The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
如: The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
如: He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词    
如:The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤:
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。

不用于被动语态的情形:
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last,  arise等。
例如:A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 
例如:My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如:We should help each other.

关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。
例如:The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如:Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。
例如:Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。
例如:The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如:This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如:The house needs cleaning.

表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式 
例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被动语态各时态构成 :

时态

被动语态 

一般现在时

am/is/are+过去分词

一般过去时

was/were+过去分词

现在进行时

am/is/are being+过去分词

过去进行时

was/were being+过去分词

一般将来时

will be+过去分词

过去将来时

would be+过去分词

现在完成时

have/has been+过去分词

过去完成时

had been+过去分词

情态动词

情态动词be+过去分词


情态动词的被动语态:
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等,
分别表示“能够被……”,“可以被……”,“必须被……”,“需要被……“,应该被……”等。

二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
(一)一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如:
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?这项工作必须立即完成吗?
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗?
(二)特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如:
Whenmustthisworkbedone?这工作必须在什么时候完成?
Wherecanthelostbookbefound?这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到?
(三)反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如:
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear,can'tit?这座桥明年能建成,是吗?
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary,shouldit?这本书不应被带出图书馆,是吗?
(四)否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可,但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如:
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce.这项工作没必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词,
但“must”表“必须”时,其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时,其肯定回答应用“must”。如:
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday?我的作业应在今天完成吗?
—Yes,theyshould.是的,应在今天完成。(No,theyshouldn't.不,不应在今天完成。)
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce?他的练习本必须立即上交吗?
—Yes,itmust.是的,必须立即上交。(No,itneedn't.不,不必立即上交。)
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce?他必须立即手术吗?
—Yes,hemust.是的,他必须。(No,heneedn't.不,他不必。)
动词不定式:
指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。
这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
时态 主动形式  被动形式 
一般式 (not) to do (not) to be done
完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done
进行式 (not) to be doing  
完成进行式 (not) to have been doing  

不定式的用法:
1、不定式作主语
例如:To remember this is very important.
注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。
例如:It is very important to remember this.
2、不定式作表语
例如:He seems to be ill.
注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),
二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,
三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: 
You are to come when I call.
3、不定式作宾语
例如:I can not afford to buy a car.
注意:
①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。
例如:I had no choice but to wait.
②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后
例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4、不定式作宾语补足语
例如:Who taught you to drive?
5、不定式作定语
例如:I have a question to ask you.
注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth.
如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it.
但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth.
attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如:I went to France to learn French.
分词:
就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,
如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:
现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking

过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked ,  visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped  ,  drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked  ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表


分词用法:
1、分词作状语   
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。   
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。   
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.   
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. 
Given   better attention, the plants could grow better.   

2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构   
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。   
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for  the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……   
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it  well.   
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.   

3、分词作定语   
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。    
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.    
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!   
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.   
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.   
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with  developed countries   

4、分词作宾语补足语   
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.

5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.


动名词:
如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

动名词的结构和形式:
动名词的否定结构:
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
(no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

动名词复合结构:
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。


动名词与现在分词的关系:
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
例如:
Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。


动名词用法口诀:
动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

动名词的用法:
一、动名词作主语 
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
     Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.   
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
No parking. (禁止停车)   
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语   
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
2.作介词的宾语   
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
3.作形容词的宾语   
The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping


动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态、语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being  written
完成式
having written
having been written

动名词使用注意事项:
1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
4) 有些词后只能接动名词
acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
例:remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
 forget与remember的用法类似。
 regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
 try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.