否定句：
表示否定的句子。必须有否定词。
否定句的构成形式：
a. 谓语为be动词时，“be+not "一名学生。
b. 谓语为实义动词而且没有情态动词和助动词时，“do/ does/ did+not"构成否定。 
例：I do not like dancing. 我不喜欢跳舞。 
      He does not want to go to school. 他不想去上学。
c. 谓语为“情态动词+实义动词”时，“情态动词+not”构成否定。 
例：You must not smoke. 你千万不要吸烟。 
       I can not catch it. 我抓不住它。
否定句在英语语法中可以分为九类：
（1）一般否定句
I don't know this. No news is good news.
There is no person（smoking）/not a person/not any person（smoking）in the house.
（2）特指否定
He went to his office, not to see him.
I am sorry for not coming on time.
I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.
（3）部分否定
All the answers are not right
All is not gold that glitters
I don't know all of them.
I can't see everybody/everything.
Both of them are not right.
（4）全体否定
None of my friends smoke.
I can see nothing/nobody.
Neither of them is right.
Nothing can be so simple as this.
（5）延续否定
You didn't see him, neither/nor did I.
You don't know, I don't know either.
He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of（更不用说）French.
（6）半否定句
We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
I know little English. I saw few people.
（7）双重否定
You can't make something out of nothing.
What's done cannot be undone.
There is no sweet without sweat.
No gain without pains.
I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.
No man is so old but（that）he can learn.
（8）排除否定
Everyone is ready except you.
He did nothing but play.
But for your help, I couldn't do it.
（9）加强否定
I won't do it at all.
I can't see it any more.
He is no longer a boy.

否定转移的形式与用法：
一、动词的否定转移
1.形式上否定主句的谓语，实际上是否定从句的谓语
当动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”的主语是第一人称，谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时，它们的否定式实际上是对宾语从句的否定。
表示说话者提出一种委婉的看法或主张。如：
I think that he will help us.——I don’t think that he will help us. 我认为它不会帮助我们。
I believe that he is right.——I don’t believe that he is right. 我认为他不对。
I suppose that he likes it.——I don’t suppose that he likes it. 我想他不喜欢它。

2. 形式上否定谓语动词，实际上否定复合宾语
当动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”、“find”的主语是第一人称，谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时，它们前面的否定式实际上是对复合宾语的否定。表示说话者所提出的一种委婉的看法或主张。如：
I think math difficult. — I don’t think math difficult. 我认为数学不难。
I find the story interesting. — I don’t find the story interesting. 我认为这个故事没有趣。
I expect so. —I don’t expect so. 我认为不会。

二、动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”在下列情况下，否定不转移：
1.这些动词跟其他另一个动词一起做并列谓语时，否定不转移。如：
I believe and hope he won’t do that. 我相信并且也希望他将不会那样做。
I feel and admit that we are not foolish. 我觉得并且也承认我们并不愚蠢。

2.用于疑问句时，否定不转移。如：
Do you think it is not going to rain? 你认为天不会下雨吗？
Don’t you believe that he has done a good thing? 难道你不相信他做了一件好事？

3.用作插入语时，否定不转移。如：
Li Lei, I think, won’t be angry with you. 我想李蕾不会生你的气。
Tom, I suppose, won’t be against it. 我猜想汤姆不会反对。
Mike, I believe, hasn’t seen the film. 我认为迈克没有看这场电影。

4.动词前有其他副词修饰时，否定不转移。如：
I really don’t think it’s necessary for us to go there now. 我的确不认为我们有必要去那儿。
I feel strongly that he shouldn’t do such a thing. 我强烈地认为他不应该做那样的事。

5.动词为非一般现在时或主语不是第一人称时，否定不转移。
I thought that he wouldn’t come back soon. 我原以为他不会回来得这么快。
She didn’t believe that he became a good boy. 她不相信它变成了一个好孩子。
He thinks that he isn’t fit for the job. 他认为他不适合这件工作。
He doesn’t believe that what we told him is true. 他不相信我们告诉他的事是真的。

6.当宾语从句中含的否定为“not……at all”、“not a little”、“not a few”、“not enough”、“can’t help”等固定搭配时，否定不转移。如：
I think that he doesn’t know it at all. 我想他对那一点也不知道。
I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well. 我认为如果你想把这门语言学好，那么只记单词是不够的。
I believe that you can’t help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games. 我相信当你在奥运会上获得第一名时你会情不自禁地唱起国歌来。

7.当宾语从句中含“no”、“nothing”、“nobody”、“nowhere”、“hardly”、“seldom”、“little”、“few”等否定词或半否词时，否定不转移。如：
I believe that nothing can make me give it up. 我想任何事情也不能使我放弃。
I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea. 我认为如果这艘船沉入海底的话，那么谁也逃不掉。
I suppose that he is a man of few words. 我猜想他是一个言语不多的人。

特殊疑问句：
以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。
常用的疑问词有：what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。
特殊疑问句往往是就其中的某一成分，进行提问，而且根据情况直接回答，不能用yes或no简单回答。
常见的疑问代词有who, whose, which, what；疑问副词有when, where, why, how。
例：What do you do on Sunday? 你周日的时候干什么？ 
    Which class are you in? 你在哪个班？ 
    Where does Mr. Li live? 李先生住在哪？ 
    Why are you late? 你为什么迟到？

特殊疑问句的构成：
一、 特殊的疑问词。
特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头，询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。
我们学过的疑问词有：
what（询问事物）， how much（询问价格），what time （询问时间，尤其是点钟）， what kind of（询问种类），why（询问原因），who（询问人）， where（询问地点） 等等。如：
—What is this? 这是什么？
—It's a key. 这是一把钥匙。
—How much is it? 这个多少钱？
—It's twenty dollars. 二十美元。
—What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢哪一类型的电影？
—I like action movies. 我喜欢动作片。

二、特殊的语序。
特殊疑问句由疑问词开头，其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如：
What time is it？ 现在几点钟？
Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师？

三、特殊的答语。
特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答，而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答才行。如：
— What time is it, please? 请问几点了？
— It's 7:30. 七点半了。
— Where are they? 他们在哪儿？
—They're in the playground. 他们在操场上。
—What's your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的科目是什么？
—English. 英语。

四、 特殊的语调。
一般情况下，特殊疑问句要用降调（↘）来读。如：
Who's ↘that?
How old is↘Jack?

特殊疑问句有两种语序：
1．如疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问，其语序是陈述句的语序：
Who is singing in the room﹖
whose bike is broken﹖
2．如疑问词作其他成分，即对其他成分提问，其语序是：
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句【特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语】
What does she like?
What class are you in﹖
Where are you from﹖
What time does he get up every morning﹖
How do you know﹖

就划线部分提问的基本方法：
小学对特殊疑问句的考查主要采取对划线句子提问的方式，那么在句型转换就划线部分提问的基本方法是：
先根据划线部分词语的意思和句法功能确定用什么疑问词；
然后将原句变为一般疑问句跟在疑问词的后面即可（注意去掉划线部分）。
基本构成：疑问词+一般疑问句
A、对“物”划线用What。 
  This is an orange. → What is this?
  We can see a cat under the desk. → What can you see under the desk?
B、对“地点”划线用Where，如果“地点”作定语时，用Which后跟被修饰的那个名词。 
  He is under the tree. → Where is he? 
  Jenny is in the classroom. → Where is Jenny? 
C、对“年龄”划线用How old。 
  Miss Li is twenty-three. → How old is Miss Li? 
  My sister is five years old. → How old is your sister?
D、对“颜色”划线，用What colour。 
  Her sweater is red. → What colour is her sweater? 
E、对“可数名词的数量”划线用How many +复数名词。
  She has one red coat. → How many red coats does she have?
  I have six books. → How many books do you have?
F、对“不可数名词的数量”划线用How much+不可数名词。
　I want to buy three kilos of meat. →How much meat do you want to buy?
G、对“职业”划线用What。 
  She is a driver. → What is she?
  My father is a farmer. → What is your father?
H、对“星期几”划线用What day。
　It's Sunday today. → What day is it today?
I、对“时间”划线用What time。
　We go to school at seven in the morning. → What time do you go to school in the morning?
  It is five o’clock now. → What time is it?

情景交际：常以对话的形式出现。

小学生生活情景英语会话分类举例：
1、早间（Morning）
 场景一：早上七点
Mom: Johnny, get up!
Johnny: Oooook.
Mom: Hurry up, sweety. It’s late.
Johnny: What time is it, Mom?
Mom: It’s seven.
 场景二：好玩的梦
Johnny: Mom, I had a dream.
Mom: Oh, really? What was it about?
Johnny: Mashi Maro.
Mom: How nice!
 场景三：刷牙洗脸
Mom: Hurry up, Johnny, or you’ll be late.
Johnny: O.K, Mom, I’ll brush my teeth.
Mom: Don’t forget to wash your face.
Johnny: O.K.
 场景四：早餐
Mom: Johnny, breakfast is ready.
Johnny: Mom, please pass me some bread.
Mom: Here it is.
 场景五：整理书包
Mom: Don’t forget your books.
Johnny: Let me see, Chinese, English, maths and music. All in, Mom.
Mom: Good.
 场景六：上学去
Johnny: Dad, Mom, I’m going to school.
Mom: Take care.
Dad: Don’t be late.
Johnny: I won’t. Bye, Dad. Bye, Mom.

2、上学（On the Way）
 场景一：一起上学
Johnny: Good morning.
Anny: Good morning.
Johnny: What’s your name?
Anny: Anny. And you?
Johnny: I am Johnny. Let’s go to school together.
Anny: O.K, let’s go.
 场景二：过马路（红绿灯）
Anny: Watch out! The light is red.
Johny: O.K. (half a minute later)
Anny: It’s green now.
Johnny: Let’s go.
 场景三：等车
Anny: The bus is late.
Johnny: Wait a bit.
Anny: Look, it’s coming.
Johnny: Let’s get on the bus.
 场景四：绑好鞋带
Anny: Look at your shoe lace, Johnny.
Johnny: Oh, it’s loose. Let me tie it up.
 场景五：认识新老师
Johnny: Anny, this is my teacher, Miss Lin.
Anny: Hello, Miss Lin.
Miss Lin: Hello.

3、课前（Before Class）
 场景一：今天值日
Johnny & Anny: Good morning, Miss Gao.
Miss Gao: Good morning. Why so early today?
Anny: We are on duty.
 场景二：擦黑板
Anny: Oh, it’s out of my reach.
Johnny: Let me give you a hand.
Anny: Thanks.
 场景三：打扫教室
Johnny: Let’s clean the floor.
Anny: See? It’s so dirty.
Johnny: Let’s clean it.
 场景四：文具盒
Johnny: I have a pen and a ruler. And you?
Anny: I have a knife and an eraser.
Johnny: May I see it?
Anny: Sure.
 场景五：早读
Johnny: Excuse me, Anny, can you spell this word for me?
Anny: O.K. Which one?
Johnny: Apple.
Anny: A-P-P-L-E.
Johnny: Thanks.

4、课堂（In Class）
 场景一：起立问好
Miss Gao: Good morning, class.
Class: Good morning, Miss Gao.
Miss Gao: Is everyone here?
Tome: No, Mary is not here. She’s sick.
Miss Gao: Oh, I’m sorry to hear that.
 场景二：铃响过后
Anny: Johnny, the bell is ringing.
Johnny: Oh, hurry up. Class has begun.
Johnny & Anny: Excuse me.
Miss Gao: Come in, please.
 场景三：加法练习
Miss Gao: What’s six plus four?
Anny: Eight!
Miss Gao: Are you sure? Think again.
Johnny: Let me try. Oops! It’s ten.
Miss Gao: Well done.
 场景四：减法练习
Miss Gao: What’s five minus three, Johnny?
Johnny: Two.
Miss Gao: Right.
 场景五：乘除法练习
Miss Gao: Anny, what’s eight times two?
Anny: It’s sixteen.
Miss Gao: Wow, you’re clever! What’s six divided by three?
Johnny: I know! Two.  Right?
Miss Gao: Yes, you got it.
 场景六：借橡皮擦
Johnny: Anny, can I borrow you eraser?
Anny: I’m sorry. I don’t have one.
Johnny: That’s O.K. Thanks anyway.
 场景七：下课
Miss Gao: Class is over.
Class: Goodbye, Miss Gao.
Miss Gao: See you next time.

5、课间（Break）
 场景一：排队
Monitor: Stand in four lines, please!
Johnny: Hurry up, Anny.
Anny: Ouch, you are stepping on my foot.
Johnny: I’m sorry.
 场景二：升旗
Monitor: Attention, please! Salute!
 场景三：我的红领巾咋不见啦
Miss Gao: Class is over. Time for morning exercises.
Johnny: Anny, hurry up.
Anny: Wait! Where is my red scarf?
Johnny: Gosh! I can’t wait.
Anny: Go ahead then! Who cares?
 场景四：上厕所
Johnny: I can’t help.
Tom: You can’t help what?
Johnny: I wanna go to the restroom now.
Tom: Too bad! You have to wait.
Johnny: Oh, no!
 场景五：下节课上什么
Johnny: Anny, what’s for next class?
Anny: Music. Can you sing?
Johnny: I can sing many songs.
Anny: Cool.
 场景六：认识新朋友
Johnny: Hi, my name’s Johnny. What’s your name?
Nancy: I’m Nancy. Where are you from, Johnny?
Johnny: Xiamen. And you?
Nancy: I’m form Fuzhou.
Johnny: How old are you?
Nancy: Seven. What about you?
Johnny: Oh, we’re of the same age.

情景对话题的解答：
常见的题型有：补全对话，给问句选择对应的答语，给下列的句子按正确的顺序排列等。
情景交际试题特点：
1、以情景为条件，以对话为主要表达形式；
2、既短小又灵活，前言后语连接紧凑，答语多呈现省略，增加了答案的隐蔽性；
3、主要考察英语的日常用语、习惯用语以及各种场合的交际性语言，并从实际出发，考查交际语言的运用能力。
做法：仔细阅读上下文，找出上下文之间的联系。