本试题 “短文改错。 My father speaks very well English, but he knows littleJapanese. He went to Tokyo in November 11 for a meeting. The meeting over a week ...” 主要考查您对不可数名词
人称代词
连接代词
形容词
副词
介词和介词短语
并列连词
动词的过去式
系动词
宾语从句
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
不可数名词的概念:
不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义 时,一般要与一个名词短语连用。
例如: a cup of tea 一杯茶
a piece of news 一则新闻
two pieces of paper 两张纸
不可数名词量的表示:
1)物质名词:
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。
Thisfactoryproducessteel.(不可数)
如:We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。
如:Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2)抽象名词有时也可数。
如:four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations 四个现代化
注:物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如:a glass of water 一杯水
a piece o fadvice 一条建议
不可数名词用法:
1、不可数名词前不能直接加数词或a(an)。切忌犯以下错误: meat, two tea, 应说a piece of meat, two cups oftea。
2、不可数名词无单复数变化,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如:There is some milk in the glass. 杯里有一些牛奶。
Some food on the table goes bad. 桌子上的食物变质了。
3、能修饰不可数名词的词有:much, a little, little, a bit, some, any, a lot of, plenty of等,以此来表示不确定的数量。如:
much bread 许多面包
a little milk 一点牛奶
a lot of work 许多工作
4、表示具体的数量时应用单位词加of结构。
如:I bought two kilos of meat. 我买了两公斤肉。
He ate three pieces of bread. 他吃了三块面包。
Would you like a cup of coffee? 你想喝杯咖啡吗?
人称代词的概念:
人称代词是替代我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们、她们、它们等人称的词。
人称代词分为主格和宾格形式,并有人称的单复数形式。按所替代人称的不同分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。
人称代词的用法:
人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如:I,you,he,she,we,they,等)和宾语(用宾格,如 me,you,him,her,us,them等)
如:He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。
注:(1)在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用语。 例如:
"Who is it?" "It's me."“是谁呀?”“是我。”
He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
He is as tall as her. 他和她一样高。
It's me who did it. 这是我干的。但是,若than,as后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格。例如:
He sings better than I do./ He is as tall as she is.
(2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。
"I' m tired.""Me too."“我累了。”“我也累了。”
"Who wants this?" "Me."“谁要这个?”“我要。”
(3)有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化。
I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为 I like you better than he likes you. 之略。
I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为 I like you better than he likes him. 之略。
人称代词主格、宾格、人称、单复数对比:
人称代词 |
单数 |
复数 | ||
主格 |
宾格 |
主格 |
宾格 | |
第一人称 |
I |
me |
we |
us |
第二人称 |
you |
you |
you |
you |
第三人称 |
he |
him |
they |
them |
she |
her |
them | ||
it |
it |
人称代词的排序:
人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they:
You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。
We, you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。
但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I置于其他人称代词之前:
I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。
比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。
注意:you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。
人称代词知识体系:
人称代词用法拓展:
1、在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词。
As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。
(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)
2、人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语。
These small desks are forus students.这些小课桌是给我们学生的。
We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子常一起去看电影。
He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。
连接代词的概念:
连接代词常用来引导一个主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever等。
whatever, whoever, whichever 用法说明:
主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句。
如:He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。
I'll give the ticket to whoever want sit. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。
Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
注:其中的ever主要用于加强语气,含有“一切”、“任何”、“无论”之义。使用这类词时,注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构:
如:任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。
误:Anyone comes first can get a ticket./ Who comes first can get a ticket.
正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.
连接代词的用法:
1、连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句:
如:I don't know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。
What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来很有道理。
The question is who(m) we should trust. 问题是我们该信任谁。
I'll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。
Take whichever seat you like? 你喜欢坐哪个座位就坐哪个?
I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
注:who, whom, whoever等不用于名词前作定语。
2、what的两种用法。请看以下两个句子:
(1)I didn't know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。
(2)I gave her what she wanted. 我给了她想要的一切。
上面第一句中的what表示“什么”,带有疑问的意味;第二句中的what表示“所…的一切事或东西”,其意义上大致相当于that(those) which, the thing(things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等,又如:
What[=That which] you say is quite true. 你说的完全是事实。
He saves what[=all that] he earns. 他赚多少,积蓄多少。
Call it what[=anything that] you please. 你喜欢叫它什么就叫它什么。
这样用的what有时还可后接一个名词:
如:He gave me what money[=all the money that] he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。
What friends[=All the friends that] he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在国外。
连接代词知识体系:
whatever, whoever, whichever 用法说明:
主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句。
如:He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。
I'll give the ticket to whoever want sit. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。
Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
注:其中的ever主要用于加强语气,含有“一切”、“任何”、“无论”之义。使用这类词时,注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构:
如:任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。
误:Anyone comes first can get a ticket./ Who comes first can get a ticket.
正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.
形容词的概念:
形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
形容词的作用与位置:
形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记;
(1)形容词短语作定语,定语后置。
如:a language difficult to master,
a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。
(3)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置。
如:I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
(6)几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(大小)+shape(形状)+age(年龄、时间)+color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。
口诀:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。
如:a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
形容词的用法:
1、形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面:
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。
大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:
afraid害怕的。(错)Heisanillman. (对)Themanisill. (错)Sheisanafraidgirl. (对)Thegirlisafraid.
这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:somethingnice
2、用形容词表示类别和整体:
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。
2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。如:the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.
以-ly结尾的形容词:
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:
如:(错)She sang lovely.
(错)He spoke to me very friendly.
(对)Her singing was lovely.
(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early .
如:The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
形容词知识体系:
复合形容词的构成:
(1)形容词+名词+ed:
如:kind-hearted 好心的,white-haired 白发的
(2)形容词+形容词:
如:red-hot 炽热的,dark-blue 深蓝的
(3)形容词+现在分词:
如:good-looking 好看的,easy-going 随和的
(4)副词+现在分词:
如:hard-working 勤劳的,fast-moving 快速转动的
(5)副词+过去分词:
如:hard-won 得来不易的,newly-made 新建的
(6)名词+形容词:
如:life-long 终生的,world-famous 世界闻名的
(7)名词+现在分词:
如:peace-loving 爱好和平的,fun-loving 爱开玩笑的
(8)名词+过去分词:
如:snow-covered 白雪覆盖的,hand-made 手工的
(9)数词+名词+ed:
如:four-storeyed 4层楼的,three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词+名词(名词用单数):
如:ten-year 10年的, two-man 两人的
副词的概念:
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
副词的位置:
1)在动词之前。
2)在be动词、助动词之后。
3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。
如:We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
如:He speaks English well.
副词的排列顺序:
1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。
如:Please write slowly and carefully.
3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错)I very like English.
(对)I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
如:I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
兼有两种形式的副词:
1)close与closely:
close意思是“近”;closely意思是“仔细地”。
如: He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2)late与lately:
late意思是"晚";lately意思是“最近” 。
如:You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3)deep与deeply:
deep意思是“深”,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地” 。
如:He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high与highly:
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。
如:The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide与widely:
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地”,“在许多地方”。
如:He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6)free与freely:
free的意思是“免费”;freely的意思是“无限制地”。
如:You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely, say what you like.
副词知识体系:
介词和介词短语的概念:
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。
误用介词的三种情况:
1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。
2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。
3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。
介词的宾语:
1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
注:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。
It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
—On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.
并列连词的概念:
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。
并列连词与并列结构:
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1)and与or:
判断改错:
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析:第一句:and连接两个并列的谓语,所以talk应改为talked。
第二句:and连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang应改为sing。
第三句:and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)
如:Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2)both...and 两者都
如:She plays(both) the piano and the guitar.
3)not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且
如:She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar.
注意:not only…but also关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。
如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4)neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。
如:Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较so和such :
so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。
构成:so+adj.
such+a(n)+n.
so+adj.+a(n)+n.
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.(pl.)
such+n.(pl.)
so+adj.+n.[不可数]
such+n.[不可数]
如:so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many/few flowers
such nice flowers
so much/ little money.
such rapid progress
so many people
such a lot of people
注:so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于many,但a lot of为名词性的,只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
并列连词用法点拨:
1、表示并列关系:
1)or意思为“否则”。
如:I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2)either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
如:Either you or I am right.
2、表示转折或对比关系:
1)but表示转折,while表示对比。
如:Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题:
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and
B. so
C. as
D. but
答案:D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
2)not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
如:They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being.
3、表示原因关系:
1)for 判断改错:
(错)For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对)He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
并列连词知识体系:
种类 | 用法 | 举例 |
并列连词 | 表示转折关系 | yet, but等 |
表示并列关系 | and, or, either...or..., as welll as等 | |
表示因果关系 | for, so等 |
比较and和or的用法:
1)并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。
2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
如:There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
典型例题:
—I don't like chicken___fish.
—I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much.
A. and;and
B. and;but
C. or;but
D. or;and
答案:C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。
判断改错:
(错)We will die without air and water.
(错)We can't live without air or water.
(对)We will die without air or water.
(对)We can't live without air and water.
动词过去式的概念:
用来表示动词过去时的动词形式,规则变化加是动词后加-ed,不规则的要单独记。
动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则:
一、规则动词的过去式变化如下:
1、一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed:
如:work-worked play-played wanted-wanted act-acted
2、以不发音的-e结尾动词,动词词尾加-d:
如:live-lived move-moved taste-tasted hope-hoped
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i再加-ed:
如:study-studied copy-copied cry-cried carry-carried
4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed:
如:stop-stopped
5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。
如:go-went make-made get-got buy-bought come-came fly-flew
二、不规则动词的过去式的构成:
1、把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。
如:begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam
2、把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。
如:drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote
3、改动词原形中的aw/ow为ew,变成过去式。
如:draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)
4、动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。
如:get—got,forget—forgot
5、动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。
如:feed—fed,meet—met
6、动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。
如keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
7、动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。
如:break—broke,speak—spoke
8、动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。
如:sell—sold,tell—told
9、动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。
如:stand—stood,understand—understood
10、以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式。
如:bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11、以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。
如:can—could,shall—should,will—would
12、把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。
如:come—came,become—became
13、在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。
如:hear〔hi〕—heard〔h:d〕,say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕
14、动词的过去式与动词原形一样。
如: let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕
15、不符合上述规律的动词过去式。
如:am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,
go—went,have/has—had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took
三:过去式“-ed”的发音规则:
(1)动词词尾为“t,d”时,发/id/音。
如:want→wanted(要)need→needed(需要)
(2)动词词尾为清辅音时,发/t/音。
如:help→helped(帮助)laugh→laughed(笑)look→looked(看) kiss→kissed(吻)wash→washed(洗)watch→watched(注视)
(3)动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/d/音。
如:call→called(叫)stay→stayed(停留)cry→cried(哭)
be动词的过去式:
在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词,am,is的过去式为was;are的过去式为were.请看如下句型的构成:
1、肯定句:主语+was(were)+宾语
例:I was late yesterday.(昨天我迟到了。)
2、否定句:主语+was(were)+not+宾语
例:We weren't late yesterday. (我们昨天没迟到)
3、疑问句:Was(Were)+主语+宾语
例:Were you ill yesterday?(你昨天病了吗?)
4、肯定回答:Yes, I was. (是的,我病了。)
否定回答:No, I wasn't. (不,我没病。)
5、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was(were)+主语+宾语
例:When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的?
【方法窍门】
be的过去式有四巧:
一是时间状语巧:表示过去的短语要记牢;
二是形式巧:单数was,复数were;
三是否定句结构巧:not紧跟was/were;
四是疑问句式巧:was/were向前跑(提前)。
【思路分析】
『一巧』 时间状语巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。
例如:yesterday, last night/week/month/year, last Saturday, the day beforey esterday, in 1998, five years ago等。
『二巧』 形式巧。它与一般现在时一样,形式多样:当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时,谓语动词用was;主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时,谓语动词用were。
例如:I was in the classroom yesterday morning. 昨天早上我在教室里。
He was at school last Tuesday. 上周二他在学校。
They were over there a moment ago. 刚才他们在那边。
『三巧』 否定句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时一样,它在动词后面加not即可变成否定句,并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasn't, weren't。即:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+表语+其他。
例如:I was not(=wasn't)here yesterday. 昨天我不在这儿。
My parents were not(=weren't)at home last Sunday. 上周日我父母不在家。
『四巧』 疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首,句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即:Was(Were)+主语+表语+其他?这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。
例如:Were you at home the day before yesterday? 前天你在家吗?
Was she late this morning? 今天早上她迟到了吗?
更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似,肯定回答用“Yes, 主语+was/were.”;否定回答用“No, 主语+wasn't/weren't.”。
例如:—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now? —刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗?
—Yes, they were./No, they weren't.是的,在这了。
系动词的概念:
连系动词(link verb)是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须后接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。连系动词的功能主要是把表语(名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句)和它的主语联系在一起,说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义,不能在句中独立作谓语,必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它是虚词。
系动词的分类:
1、状态系动词:
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。
例如:He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2、持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand:
例如:The weather will continue cold and wet.
He remained poor after 20years.
The shop will stay open at 11:00p.m.
He stood/sat silent there.
3、表像系动词:
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look。
例如:She appears to have know this thing.
She seems a student.
4、感官系动词:
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。
例如:The silk feels soft.
Your idea sounds a good one.
He looked like his mother.
The mixture tasted terrible.
The flower smells sweet.
5、变化系动词:
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。
例如:My dream o fcoming to China has come true.
In summer food often goes bad.
He turned doctor./ He became a doctor.
He fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.
6、终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,表达"证实","变成"之意。
例如:The truth he stuck to proved true.
系动词基本用法:
连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词,它与其后的表语一起构成谓语。
常见的连系动词有be(是),become(成为),get(变成),remain(还是),seem(似乎是),look(看上去),feel(感觉)等。
连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词,有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等:
如:His English is excellent. 他的英语很棒。(跟形容词)
He is a famous poet. 他是著名诗人。(跟名词)
Money isn't everything. 金钱不是一切。(跟代词)
She was the first to arrive. 她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词)
Who is up stairs? 谁在楼上?(跟副词)
He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语)
He seems to be ill.他似乎病了。(跟不定式)
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(跟动名词)
This is what you need. 这就是你需要的。(跟从句)
注:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。
例如:1、She tasted①the soup to see if it tasted②too salty. 她尝了一口汤,看是否太咸。
2、The doctor is feeling①his pulse because he feels②sick. 因为身体不舒服,医生正在给他切脉。
3、The mother looked①at the sick child sadly and she looked②sad. 母亲难过地看着生病的孩子。
4、She smelled①the meat to make sure it still smelled②good. 她闻了闻肉,看看是否还新鲜。
5、The teacher asked the students to keep②quite when they were keeping①everything in order. 当学生整理东西时,老师让他们保持安静。
从以例子不难出,标①的动词为实义动词,他们后跟有宾语;标②的动词为系动词,其后往往跟形容词、名词、不定式等作表语。
系动词知识体系:
连系动词使用应注意的两点:
1、关于连系动词后接副词作表语:
连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语,一般不接副词:
误:His English is very well. 他的英语很好。(应将well改为good)
误:Be carefully. 小心点。(应将carefully改为careful)
误:The soup tastes nicely. 这汤味道不错。(应将nicely改为nice)
但是,有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语,不过这主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside等少数副词小品词以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词:
如:Mother wasn't in last night. 母亲昨晚不在家。
The meeting was over at five. 会议五点结束。
Come along. The taxi is outside. 来吧,出租车在外面。
Mother is downstairs waiting for you. 母亲在楼下等你。
2、关于连系动词后接不定式:
(1)连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语:
如:My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。
All I could do was to wait. 我只能等。
My plan was to go from London to Paris. 我计划从伦敦去巴黎。
I was to have seen Mr Kay. 我本要去见凯先生的。
(2)seem, appear, prove, continue, turn out, get, grow, come等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语:
如:She always seems to be sad. 她常常显得很忧伤。
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证明是错的。
She appears to have many friends. 他好像有很多朋友。
The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。
Circumstances continue to be favorable. 情况仍然是有利的。
He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。
【注】
若所接不定式为to be,通常可以省略。不过,若其后接的是表语形容词,则to be通常不宜省略。
另外,连系动词look后能否接tobe似乎尚有争论,不过,在现代英语中接to be的现象已较普遍。
(3)sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式:
误:These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be)
误:The roses smell to be nice.(应去掉to be)
(4)有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写:
如:It seems that she's right./ She seems to be right. 她似乎是对的。
It appears that you have made a mistake./You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。
宾语从句的概念:
置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词(afraid, sure, glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。
宾语从句的用法:
1、宾语从句的引导词:
宾语从句通常由连词that和whether(if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导:
如:We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。
I don't know whether he'll arrive in time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。
I don't know who(m) you mean. 我不知道你指谁。
He asked why he had to go alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。
Please tell me which you like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。
注:有时介词后可接跟一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句):
如:From what you say, he is right. 根据你所说的,他是对的。
有极个别介词(如but,except)可接that引导的宾语从句:
如:She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black. 她对他什么都不记得,只记得他的头发是黑的。
2、宾语从句与形式宾语it:
当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时,通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it,而将真正的宾语从句移至句末:
如:I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married. 他还没宣布他何时结婚。
3、连词that的省略问题:
引导宾语从句的连词that通常可以省略:
如:She said(that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
I promise you(that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去。
注:有时为了强调,that引导的宾语从句可位于句首,此时that不可省略:
如:That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘,我是知道的。
4、宾语从句与否定转移当动词think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时,其否定通常转移到主语:
如:I don't suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的。
I don't imagine that he will come. 我想他不会
使用宾语从句特别注意:
一、宾语从句的语序:
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
如:I don't know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
二、宾语从句的时态:
主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
句:She was sorry that she hadn't finished her work on time.
当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
如:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
三、宾语从句的特点:
宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。whether和if都可引导宾语从句,但whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it.
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