动词短语：
由动词和动短语成，或以动词为中心，功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式，动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。
动词短语搭配形式：
1．动词+副词
①作及物动词，例： 
He brought up his children strictly． 　　
从以上的例句中可以看出，在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况：
宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。
而如果宾语是代词，只能置于动词后面，即动词和副词之间。 　　
②作不及物动词，例： 　　 
Something unexpected has turned up． 出现了令人意外的情况。（turn up=appear） 　　
③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，例： 　　
The barrel of gunpowder blew up．（不及物）火药桶爆炸了。 　　
The soldiers blew up the bridge．（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了。

2．动词+介词 
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，例：
I don’t much care for television．我不很喜欢电视。（care for=like）

3．动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。
它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后，例： 
We must work hard to make up for lost time．我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。（make up for＝compensate）

4．动词+名词
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have，take，give，make等，
后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义，例： 　　 
Let’s have another try．让我们再试一下。（have a try=v．try） 　

5．动词+名词+介词 　　 
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于介词之后，
 例：Keep an eye on the baby while I am out．我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。 　　

6．be+形容词（包括过去分词作形容词）+介词 　　 
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词，宾语位于介词后面，形容词是短语动词的真正词义，
例：I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。

动词短语与短语动词:
一、短语动词
(1)短语动词常常是两个词（一个动词+一个副词性小品）构成，如：wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词，构成不同意义的短语动词。如：He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

(3）短语动词用法普遍，尤其在非正式语言中：

我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .

短语动词的类型

Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

Monday ,February 5th.

*有些短语动词不带宾语：

The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

*多数主短语动词可以带宾语，宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后：

动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

如果宾语较长，则通常放在副词之后：

I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

如果宾语是代词，其结构通常如下：

动词+代词+副词性小品词

I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的（动词+副词性小品词+介词），这样，宾语就只能放在介词后面：

I don`t get on with the people at work.

短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如：
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有：
break away (from) 突然逃离；断绝往来，脱离；改掉，破除
break down （机器等）坏了；（计划等）失败；（谈话等）中断；（健康等）变坏；感情失去控制
break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔；训练，使适应
break into 强行进入；突然…起来；打断，插嘴；占用时间
break off 停止讲话；暂停，休息；（使）折断
break out （火灾、战争等）突然发生，爆发
break through 突破；克服，征服；强行穿过；（太阳等）从云层里出来
break up 解散，驱散；（学校等）放假；结束，破裂；击碎；绝交
break with 与…绝交，与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有：
bring about 引起，实现，导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复
bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低
bring forth 产生，引起，结果
bring in 收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕
bring off 从船上救出；设法做成
bring on 带来，引起；促使生长；帮助提高
bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版
bring over 说服，使改变（思想等）
bring through 使度过（困难，危机等）
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐

二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如：
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒

初中英语动词短语整理：
1. break
break down破坏，出毛病，拆开
break off暂停，中断
break in破门而入， 打断
break into破门而入，突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯
break through 出现，突破
break up打碎，拆散， 分裂、分解

2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走，叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要，要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来，喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进，请进; 找来，请来;来访；收回
call off取消; 叫走，转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话;  想起，回忆起; 召集，应召入伍   
call out大喊，高叫; 叫出去

3. come
come down下跌，落，降，传下来   
come in进来  
come out出版，结果是
come on来临/ 快点   
come along一道来，赶快
come over走过来   
come up发芽，走近     
come back回来   
come from来自，源自

4. cut
cut down砍倒，削减  
cut up连根拔除，切碎

5. die
die of死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）
die from死于（外界原因）    
die out绝种

6. fall
fall behind落后 
fall down掉下，跌倒
fall into 落入；陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵

7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过，经受
go over复习，检查                  
go up（价格）上涨，建造起来               
go against违反  
go away离开
go by时间过去                      
go down降低，（日、月）西沉
go on(with)继续进行                  
go out外出，熄灭                  
go off发出响声

8. get
get down下来，记下，使沮丧         
get on进展，进步，穿上，上车           
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假
get over克服，从疾病中恢复  
get along with进展，相处
get up起床                              
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
get back取回，收回                      
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。

9. give
give away赠送，泄露，出卖        
give out发出，疲劳，分发，      
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃，让（座位）

10. hand
hand in交上，提交
hand out分发    

11.hold
hold on to…继续，坚持
hold up举起，使停顿
hold on别挂电话，等，坚持     

12. keep       
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入              
keep from克制，阻止
keep away from避开，不接近，
keep on继续，坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上                   

14. look
look up查找，向上看 
look through翻阅，浏览     
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心                                  
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望                           

15. make
make up编造，打扮，组成           
make into / of / from 制成           

16.pass     
pass by经过              
pass down(on)…to传给

17. pay
pay back还钱，报复 
pay for付钱，因…得到报应  

18. pick
pick up拾起，接人，站起，收听，
pick out挑选，辨认，看出  

19. put
put up张贴，举起，   
put out伸出，扑灭            
put off推迟               
put into放进，翻译
put away放好，存钱           
put down记下，平息
put on穿戴，上映，              
put aside放到一边         
put back放回

20. stand
stand out 突显，引人注目
stand up 起立，站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒，唤醒，弄醒
stay up 不睡觉；熬夜
depend on依靠；取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开，张开；开发
end up到达或来到某处； 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out（经研究或询问）获知某事
send out 发出，放出，射出
search for 搜索，搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席；露面

21. run
run after追逐，追捕   
run away逃跑  
run off跑掉，迅速离开       
run out of用完

22. set
set up建立       
set off 激起，引起      

23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉，起飞  
take away拿走  
take up从事，占用（时间空间）   
take down记录，取下       
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替

24. think
think of想起，考虑，对…看法   
think out（自然）想出办法  
think up想出（设计出、发明、编造）
think about考虑      
think over仔细考虑      

25. turn
turn off / on打开                  
turn to翻到，转向，求助
turn down调低，拒绝               
turn back返回，转回去
turn round转过身来                 
turn up向上翻，出现，音量调大                     

26. care
care about 担心，关心；在乎，介意
care for 关心，关怀，照顾

27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净，把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除；把…打扫干净

28.learn
learn about 获悉，得知，认识到
learn from  从/向。。。学习

29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

30. dream
dream of梦想，想橡
dream about 梦到。。。

31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果；发展；成功

32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。

33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。

34. hear
hear of 听说，得知
hear about听到。。。的事，听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信

35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论

36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食

过去进行时：
表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+V-ing。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：
last night，last Saturday等；
或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用。
过去进行时的结构：
1. 过去进行时由“主语+was/were + 现在分词”构成
eg: We were having supper when the phone rang. 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。
2. 过去进行时的否定式由“主语+was/were not +现在分词”构成
eg: This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。
3. 过去进行时的疑问式由“was/were +主语+ 现在分词”组成
eg: Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 你们在干什么昨天下午的时间啊  回答我啊?

过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：
一、二者概念理解
一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。
A、一般过去时
1.过去状态、动作或事件
He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间）
2.过去的习惯
a would ,used to与过去时
would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间
used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯
They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.
He smoked a lot two years ago. （过去行为）
bWould 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。
Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。
When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去）
She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)
c 表示状态时一般只用used to
Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)
dwas (were) used to +ving表示“合适于，适应于…..”
He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常)
He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)
3.过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。
He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)
4.客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和want , wonder , hope 等
How did you like the film? / Could you help me?

B. 过去进行时
1.在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生
What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)
2.性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算
During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)
3.lways ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。
He was always Changing his mind.

二、区别
A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)
B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)
C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.

过去进行时的基本用法:
过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如：
He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。 　　
2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如：
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 　　
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。 　　
3. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、 
厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。如：
They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。 　　
4. 动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。 　　
比较：He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此) 　　
   He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)

特殊用法
1、当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时
We listened carefully when the teacher read the text. 老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。
2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。
用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
如：He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。
3、表示故事发生的背景。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。
4、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later,he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette.
5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
5、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street when someone called me.
我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
6、用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
7、与always,constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。

反义疑问句：
表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。
反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
1. 陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否。 
2. 陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯。
例如：This pencil is red, isn’t it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 
               This pencil isn’t red, is it? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
速记：
前肯后否，前否后肯，前be后be，前无be后加助，时态一致。

反意疑问句的回答：
前肯后否，前否后肯，根据事实从后往前翻译。如：
（1）They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作，不是吗？
Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不，他们工作不努力
（2）They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？
Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的， 他们工作不努力

否定反义疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式，反义疑问句为否定式时，其回答一般不会造成困难，一般只需照情况回答即可：
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的，不是吗？”“是，是新的。”
"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去，不是吗？”“不，他不想去。”
此时，"Yes"即是，对前面"It's new."的肯定。

回答反义疑问句的原则
回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定，
如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答，肯定你还没有asleep。
但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着，对吗)，你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的，还没有睡着)，而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
“It is a beautiful flower，isn't it？” “It isn't a beautiful flower，is it？”
上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes，it is."否定为“No，it isn't."
由上述例子可知，反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联，只需注意事实，肯定即用yes，否定用no，无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。

口诀:
反意疑问并不难，陈述疑问句中含。
前后肯否恰相反，否定词缀不能算。
主谓时态要一致，特殊情况记心田。
实际情况来回答，再把yes和no拣。
综上所述，反义疑问句回答就是按实际情况回答。
对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。
要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。
例：
—He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球，不是吗？
—Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
—His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？
—Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。

快速记忆表：
陈述部分的谓语   疑问部分
I/主语   aren't I / are I
no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词   肯定含义
含有un-,in-.dis-,im-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，视为肯定含义   否定含义
ought to（肯定的）   shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.)   don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to+v.   didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v.   hadn't you
would rather + v.   wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v.   wouldn't +主语
must   根据实际情况而定
感叹句   be +主语
指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this   主语用it
并列复合句   谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句主从复合句   根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导   与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one   复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need   need/needn't (dare/daren't ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词   do/don't +主语
省去主语的祈使句   will/won't you？
Let's 开头的祈使句   Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句   Will you?
there be   相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）
否定前缀不能视为否定词   仍用否定形式.
反意疑问句19条：
1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用用否定的助动词加sb/sth？如：
1）What a fine day it is today！
What a fine day it is today，isn“t it？
2）How fast he runs！
How fast he runs，doesn”t he？
3）What a long time we have been waiting！
What a long time we have been waiting ，haven“t we？
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
有些动词如：cost hurt hit put 等，它们的过去时与原型相同，在肯定句中一定要先弄清楚它们是什么时态.
英语18种特殊的反意疑问句：
1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won't you构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表
示“请求”，用won't you 多表示提醒对方注意。例如： 　　 
Look at the blackboard, will you/ won't you?看黑板，好吗？ 　　
Let 引导的祈使句有两种情况： 　　
1) Let's...后的反意疑问句用shall we或shan't we。例如： 　　
Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we? 回家吧，好吗？ 　　 
还可以用may I来表示征求对方的同意或许可。 　　
2) Let us/me...后的反意疑问句用will you或won't you。例如： 　　 
Let me have a try, will you/won't you? 让我试一试，行吗？ 　　
2. 感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。 例如： 　　
What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气啊，是吧？ 　　 
3. 当陈述部分谓语动词是need, dare, used to，且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问 句需用do的适当形式。例如： 　　
He needs help, doesn't he? 他需要帮助，是吗？ 　　 
4. 陈述部分主、谓语是I am...时，反意疑问句用aren't I 或am't I ,而不是am not I (可 用a m I not)。例如： 　　
I'm working now, am't I? 我在工作，是吗？ 　　
5. 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如： 　　 
Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? 我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？ 　　
6. 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。 例如： 　　
Everyone is here, aren't they? 大家都到了，是吗？ 　　
No one knows about it, do they? 没有人知道这件事，对吗？ 　　
7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时，反意疑问句的主语用it，当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时，其反意疑问句的主语用they。 例如： 　　
This is a plane, isn't it? 这是一架飞机，是吗？ 　　
These are grapes，aren't they? 这些是葡萄，是吗？ 　　
8. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one，也可用you(美式英语用he)。例如： 　　
One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? 每个人都应该乐于助人，是吧？ 　　
9. 当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not,  no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。 例如： 　　 
He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到，是吗？ 　　
10. 当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的，其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。例如： 　　
   It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平，是吧？ 　　
11.含有否定含义的词在陈述部分作动词的宾语时，其反意疑问句用肯定结构，也可以用否定结构。例如： 　　
You got nothing from him, did you? 你从他那儿什么也没得到，是吗？ 　　
12. 当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。  例如： 　　
What you need is more important, isn't it？你需要的东西更重要，是吧？ 　　
13. 当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose...)that... 结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如： 　　
I don't think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来，对吗？ 　　
14.have(has)不是表示“有”的意思，并在句中做谓语时，其反意疑问句的助动词要用do, does, did。例如： 　　
They had a meeting just now，didn't they? 他们刚才开了个会，是吗？ 　　
15. 陈述部分有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如： 　　
You have to water the vegetables every day, don't you?你每天都要浇菜，对吧？ 　　
16. 陈述部分是there be句型时，其反意疑问句中要用there。例如： 　　
There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院，是吗？ 　　
17. 陈述部分有had better时，反意疑问句中要用hadn't。 例如： 　　
We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们现在最好马上去上学，好吗？
18. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must 作“一定；要；必须”讲，反意疑问句须用mustn't或needn't；
而当must作推测意义“一定 是；必定”讲时，反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如： 　　 
He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? 他必须努力学物理，是吧？ 　　
Tom must be at home，isn't he? 汤姆一定在家，是吧？

状语从句：
指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。
从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
状语从句分类:
1、时间状语从句
常用引导词：
when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：
the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2、地点状语从句
常用引导词：
where
特殊引导词：
wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3、原因状语从句
常用引导词：
because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：
seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

4、目的状语从句
常用引导词：
so that, in order that
特殊引导词：
lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5、结果状语从句
常用引导词：
so that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：
such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6、条件状语从句
常用引导词：
if, unless,
特殊引导词：
as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7、让步状语从句
常用引导词：
though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won't listen whatever you may say.

8、比较状语从句
常用引导词：
as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：
the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。

9、方式状语从句
常用引导词：
as, as if, how
特殊引导词：
the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

状语从句用法:
时间状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
①.when引导的时间状语从句，其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词，也可以是瞬间性动作的动词，而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如：
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。（同时）
when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking.
当学生们听到老师的脚步声时，他们都停止了讲话。（从句动作发生在前）
② when还可表示just then（正在那时，突然）的意思，此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如：
we were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身，突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.
比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
(2) as引导的时间状语从句
as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的，而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生：
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.
她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes.
寒流一过，星期日就会有点暖意了。
(3) while引导的时间状语从句
while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”，其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的，并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如：
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.
当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work.
我可以边工作边学习。
(4) before引导的时间状语从句
① before“在……之前”
I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在我的导师出国之前，我已完成了我的学位论文。
I’ll be back before you have left.
你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“……之后才”
It may be many years before we meet again.
可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back.
他三天后才回来。
(5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词，其他连词还有once，directly，immediately，instantly，the instant (that)，the minute(that) ，the moment(that)等，它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如：
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们一到家，电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
老师一进来，大家就静了下来。
(6) hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句
关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”，它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如：
He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚一到家，就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
(7) since引导的时间状语从句
在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时，主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时：
We’ve never met since we graduated from the college.
大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走了以后，这里发生了巨大变化。
(8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义，作“直到……时(为止)”解，till多用于非正式文体，until多用于句首。如：
Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework.
等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
(9) whenever/each time/every time引导的时间状语从句
whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当；每次”解，each time和every time与whenever同义，通常可以与它换用。如：
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。
Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together，heat is produced.
某些化学物质被混到一起时，就会产生热。
Whenever/ Every time/ Each time I met her, she was studying.
我每次看见她时，她总是在学习。

状语从句 - 地点状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
从属连词where“在（或到）……的地方”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.
把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中，除指地点外，还可指处境等。如：
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如：
Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的短语填空，必要的地方可以改变其形式。
Avoid structure of this kind where possible.
只要可能，就要避免这种结构。
(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句
从属连词wherever“在（或到）……的各个地方”：
You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.
专家每到一处， 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。

状语从句 - 原因状语从句
 (1) because引导的原因状语从句
because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句，其所引导的从句，为全句句意的中心所在。
通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强，除特别强调外，该从句一般位于主句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it.
我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
(2) as引导的原因状语从句
as引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息，从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和since换用。如：
As I didn’t know the way，I asked a policeman.
我不认识路，因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
由于在下雪，我们不去爬山了。
(3) since引导的原因状语从句
since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息，从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和as换用。如：
Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.
既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ，I’ll ask someone else.
你既然不帮我，那我就请别人帮忙。
(4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句
now(that)“因为；既然”，通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去，用来表示一种新的情况，再加以推论。如：
Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格，就可以独自开车了。
I do remember，now (that) you mention it.
你这一提，我倒的确想起来了。
(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句
Seeing (that)“鉴于；由于”，通常用于非正式文体。如：
Seeing (that) the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home.
天气不好，我们还是呆在家里吧。
Seeing that he’ s ill，he’s unlikely to come.
(6) in that引导的原因状语从句
in that“因为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用，多用于正式文体，它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如：
Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.
我的处境有点难堪，因为他要十号才来。

状语从句 - 目的状语从句
 (1) in order that引导的目的状语从句
in order that“为了；以便”。多用于正式文体，通常可以与so that换用。如：
You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
他们在杭州停了下来，以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
专家讲得很慢，以便人人听得懂。
(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句
so that“为了；以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用，它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后，在非正式文体中，常省略that。如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.
她要七点钟备好茶点，这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
(3) in case/for fear (that)/lest等引导的目的状语从句
in case，for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的，意思是“以免”,“以防”。
in case多用于英国英语，它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式，也可以是虚拟语气形式；
for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may，might，should等情态动词；
lest用于正式文体，它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如：
Take your umbrella with you，lest it should rain.
带上你的伞，以防下雨。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带上你的伞，以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.
他带了一把伞，以防下雨。
状语从句 - 结果状语从句
(1) so that引导的结果状语从句
① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后，中间可以有逗号。如：
Suddenly it began to rain heavily，so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
突然下起了大雨，几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.
琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。
②“so that”既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。
究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目的状语从句，除了根据句意来判断外，还可根据结构形式来加以判断。
若从句前有逗号，一般为结果状语从句，如果从句中有情态动词，通常则为目的状语从句。如：
They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train.
他们早早就出发了，所以没误火车。(结果状语从句)
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.
他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句)
(2) so...that引导的结果状语从句
so...that“如此……以致”，that在非正式文体中可以省略，so后面接形容词或副词。如：
She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.
现在剩下的时间不多了，我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(3) such...that引导的结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容是：such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。
其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数，也可以是不可数名词。
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如：
The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快，不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed．
(＝The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)
教授讲了个很有趣的故事，(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
(4) such that引导的结果状语从句
such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体，主句为“主—系—表”句型。如：
The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows.
爆炸的力量很大，所有的窗户都被炸掉了。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他气得不能克制自己的感情。

状语从句 - 条件状语从句 
(1) if引导的条件状语从句
if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如：
If he said that，he can’t be telling the truth.
如果他说了那样的话，他不可能是说实话。
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句
unless引导的是否定条件状语从句，在意义上相当于if...not，而且语气较强，一般不用于虚拟语气。如：
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
你会迟到的，如果不赶快的话。
(3) if only引导的条件状语从句
if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要；如果”。如:
I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.
只要你把车保养好，我就让你用。
(4) as/so long as引导的条件状语从句
as/so long as意为“只要；如果”。如：
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
只要不下雨我们就能玩。
(5) provided (that)/providing (that)引导的条件状语从句
provided (that)/providing (that)意为“如果；只要”。如：
I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.)
假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret.
状语从句 - 让步状语从句
(1) although/though引导的让步状语从句
although和though，都作“虽然；尽管”解，通常可以换用，although的语气较重。
如果要强调“但是”语气，可使用yet，still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。
Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him.
虽然和她谈了半天，他还是不能让她信任自己。
(2) even if引导的让步状语从句
even if “即使，纵然”，从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如：
Even if it rains tomorrow，we won’t change our plan.
即使明天下雨，我们也决不改变计划。
Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment.
即使我再次失败，我也决不会放弃实验。
(3) even though引导的让步状语从句
even though“虽然，尽管”，从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况，通常可以和although/though换用。如：
Even though I didn’t understand a word，I kept smiling.
即使我一个字也不懂，我还是保持微笑。
Even though you say so，I do not believe it.
即使你这样说，我也不信。
(4) much as引导的让步状语从句
much as“虽然，尽管”，通常可以和although/though换用：
Much as I’d like to，I can’t come.
我虽然很想来，但是来不了。
Much as I admire his courage，I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气，但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
(5) while引导的让步状语从句
while“虽然，尽管”，多用于正式文体，通常可换作although/though。如：
While I understand your point of view，I do not share it.
我虽了解你的观点，但不敢苟同。
While I sympathize，I really can’t do very much to help.
虽然我很同情，但我确实帮不了什么忙。
(6) whatever/No matter what引导的让步状语从句
whatever和no matter what用法相同，都作“无论什么”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Whatever/No matter what he says，don’t go.
不管他说什么，你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task，whatever/no matter what happens.
不管发生什么了，我们决心完成任务。
(7) whichever/no matter which引导的让步状语从句
whichever和no matter which用法相同，都作“无论哪个”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Whichever/No matter which you buy， there is a six-month guarantee.
不论你买哪个，都有六个月的保修期。
Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was determined to find them.
不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包，芭芭拉决心找到他们。
(8) whoever/no matter who引导的让步状语从句
whoever和no matter who用法相同，都作“无论谁”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
You can’t come in， whoever you are.
不管你是谁，都不能进来。
Whoever/No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy.
不管谁要我接电话， 就说我现在正忙着呢。
(9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句
wherever和no matter where用法相同，都作“无论在（或到）哪里”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Wherever/No matter where you go, I’m Right Here Waiting fo ryou.
无论你到哪里，我都依然在这里等着你。
(10) however/no matter how引导的让步状语从句
however和no matter how用法相同，都作“无论如何……”解，后者多用于非正式文体。
However much you regret doing that， there is nothing you can do about it now.
无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事，现在也无济于事了。
However high it may be，it can’t reach the sky.
它不论有多高，也高不到天上去。
(11) whenever/no matter when引导的让步状语从句
whenever和no matter when用法相同，都作“无论何时”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如：
Whenever I’m unhappy，he cheers me up.
每当我不高兴时，他就给我鼓劲儿。
(12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句
whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同，都作“不论……还是”解，后者的语气强一些。如：
When It Rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.
无论下不下雨，我们星期天一定踢足球。
(13) as引导的让步状语从句
as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然；尽管”和“即使”解，但是它不位于句首，在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如：
Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it.
虽然你可能很有力气，你却无法把它提起来。
Late as it was, they continued to study.
时间尽管不早了，他们仍继续学习。

状语从句 - 方式状语从句
(1) as引导的方式状语从句
as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式；如同……那样”，从句有时是省略句。如：
Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
(2) as if/as though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though的用法相同，都作“好像，仿佛”解。如：
二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。
但也可用陈述语气，表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如：
They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad.
他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。
They look as if/as though they know each other.
他们看来好像互相认识。

状语从句 - 比较状语从句
(1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句
as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
We were as fortunate as them (they were)
我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
(2) not so/as...as 引导的比较状语从句
not so/as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
That’s not so/as simple as it sounds.
那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
(3) than引导的比较状语从句
than引导的比较状语从句表示同等比较，主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式，从句常常为省略句。如：
He has lived here longer than I(has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
They love the girl than(they love) him.
他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。
(4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。