过去分词的概念：

过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。即：动词原形加-ed构成。
如：fallen leaves 落叶 
        boiled water 开水
        I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。

过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别：

两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。
如：Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 
        Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 
        Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。
有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：
如：Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。

过去分词的句法功能：

1、作定语：
如：I don't like the book written by Martin.
       Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 
注意：当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语：
如：They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
        The window is broken. 窗户破了。
        They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别：The window is broken.（系表）
            The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。
如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语：
如：I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
如：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语：
如：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.  受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
        Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
        Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件） 
        Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.  虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步） 
        Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
如：All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
        The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。

现在分词与过去分词的区别：

1、分词作表语：
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is in terestedi n...，若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有：
interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的 
exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的 
disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的
如：Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
        The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 
        The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语)
        We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)

2、分词作定语：
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
如：He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
        The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
        The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。
        He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,  returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

3、分词作状语：
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
如：He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
        Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
        Smiling, they came in.
2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
如：Cleaned, the room looks nice.
        Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.  如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
        Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。

there be句型的概念：

英语中的there be结构主要表示某处存在有某物，所以通常被称为存在句。其中的there为引导词，无词义，be为谓语动词，therebe后面的名词为句子主语。

therebe结构的否定式和疑问式：

 1、否定式：
there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：
如：There is not any bread left. 没有一点面包了。
        There isn't anything I can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后：
如：There can't be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。
        There shouldn't be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。
        There haven't been any parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。
另外注意以下类型的否定式：
如：There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. 在钱的问题上似乎没发生什么困难。
2、疑问式：
there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后：
如：Is there any good film on? 映什么好电影吗?
        Is there room for me in the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?
        Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式：
如：Has there been an accident? 出事了吗?
        Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的发展吗?
        Can there have been so much rain there？那儿会下过那么多雨吗？
另外注意以下类型的疑问式：
如：Uncle Jesse, why do there have to be poor people like those? 杰西叔，为什么一定要有他们那样的穷人?

there be结构的谓语形式：

1、主谓一致问题：
 若只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致：
如：There is a man at the door. 门口有个人。
        There are some girls in the room. 房间里有几个女孩。
        There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
2、时态问题：
there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现，它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式：
如：There is going to be[will be] an English film tonight. 今晚将有一场英语电影。
        There was a lot to be done. 有很多事要做。
        There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
        There have been many such accidents. 已发生了好几起那样的事故。
        There had been two seafights between them. 他们之间发生了两场海战。
3、与情态动词连用：
there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用：
如：There may be a storm tomorrow. 明天可能有风暴。
        There used to be a hospital here. 原来这里有家医院。
        He felt there must be something wrong. 他感到准有什么问题。
        There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。
        There ought to be a comma here. 这儿应有一个逗号。
4、动词be换成其他动词：
有时可将there be中的动词：be换为live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等：
如：Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Joe Beef. 从前有个人名叫乔·比夫。 
        There seems[appears] something the matter with her. 她好像是出了什么事似的。
        There existed different opinions on this problem. 对这个问题曾有不同看法。
        There remained just twenty-eight pounds. 只剩28英镑了。
        At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 在小山顶上有一座古庙。
5、与其他动词搭配使用：
there be结构有时可与其他动词搭配使用，构成一种复合谓语：
如：There seemed to be nobody about, so I went in. 附近似乎没有人，因此我就走了进去。
        There happened to be a man walking by. 恰好有一个人从旁经过。

therebe结构的非谓语形式：

基本结构：there be结构的非谓语形式有两种基本结构，即there being和there to be：
1、there being结构该结构的主要用法有：
(1)用作状语：
如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于没什么其他的事要干，所以我们就回家了。
        There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于没有下雨，所以地面很干。
【注】有时可与状语从句转换：
如：There being no further business(=As there was no further business), I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了，我宣布闭会。
(2)用作介词宾语：
如：There is now some hope of there being a settle ment of the dispute. 现在有点希望可以解决这次争端。
2、There to be结构该结构的主要用法有：
(1)用作动词宾语：该结构可用作某些动词（如like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider等）的宾语：
如：I don't want there to be any misunderstanding. 我可不希望有任何误解。
        Students hate there to be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
        We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。
【注】在let there be结构中，动词be不带to：
如：Don't let there be any noise. 不允许有任何吵闹。
        Let there be no mistake about it. 这事不要出错。
(2)用作介词for的宾语：
如：They asked for there to be another meeting. 他们要求再开一次会议。
【注】用作介词宾语一般用there being，但用作介词for的宾语时，只能用there to be。
比较：They planned on there being another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。
            They planned for there to be another meeting. 他们打算再开一次会议。

几个重要句型和结构：

 1、There is no doing结构：
其意为“不可能…”、“无法…”：
如：There's no denying the fact. 这一事实不容否认。
        There is no getting over the difficulty. 这困难无法克服。
        There is no knowing what he will do next. 无法知道他下一步要干什么。
        There was no telling when she would be back. 没法知道她什么时候回来。
2、There is no difficulty in doing sth结构：
意为“做某事没有困难”：
如：There is no difficulty in finding his office. 找到了他的办公室没费一点劲。
        There was no difficulty in carrying out the plan. 执行这项计划没什么困难。
3、There's no doubt…结构：
意为“毫无疑问…”：
如：There is no doubt of his success. 毫无疑问他一定会成功。
        There could be no doubt that he was one of the best writer in this country. 毫无疑问他是这个国家最优秀的作家之一。
4、There is no hurry(to do sth)句式：
其意为“不用急(于做某事)”：
如：There's no hurry to return the book. 现在不急于还书。
        There's no hurry, so do it slowly and carefully. 不用赶时间，要慢慢细心地做。
5、There's no need for…结构：
其意为“不需要或不必要…”：
如：There is no need for help. 不需要帮助。
        There is no need for you to go. 你没有必要去。
6、There is no question about...结构：
其意为“…是毫无疑问的”：
如：There's no question about his success. 毫无疑问他会成功。
        There's no question about his honesty. 毫无疑问他是诚实的。
7、There is no question of doing sth句式：
其意为“做某事是不可能的”：
如：There is no question of his coming. 他不可能会来。
        There is no question of our arriving on time. 我们不可能准时赶到。
8、There is no sense in doing sth结构：
意为“做某事没有道理或好处”：
如：There's no sense in criticizing him. 批评他也没有用。
        There's no sense in waiting three hours. 等三小时是不没有道理的。
9、There's no point in doing sth句式：
意为“做某事没有用”：
如：There's no point(in) telling her about it. 告诉她没有用。
如：There's no point in wasting time. 耗时间没用。
【注】以上有的结构中的no根据情况也可换成其他限定词：
如：There is some difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事有些困难”。 
        There is much difficulty in doing sth 意为“做某事许多困难”。
        There's a need for… 意为“需要或有必要…”。
10、“there be＋名词＋动词”结构：
（1）there be+宾语+现在分词现在分词表示主动关系，同时表示动作正在进行：
如：There is some one waiting for him. 有人在等他。
        There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站着一个男人。
        There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。
        There were a group of young people working in the fields. 有一群青年在地里劳动。
有时现在分词可表示一种状态：
如：There's a piano standing against the wall. 靠墙有一架钢琴。
        There're a lot of difficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。
        There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。
有个别现在分词用于该结构时可以表示将来(正如它们可用进行时表示将来一样)：
如：There are ten people coming to dinner. 有10个人来吃晚饭。
（2）there be+宾语+过去分词过去分词表示一种被动关系，同时表示动作已经发生：
如：There is nothing written on it. 上面没写东西。
        There were ten people killed in the accident. 事故中有10人丧生。有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构)：
        There were some old men seated(=who were seated)in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。
        There is a red car parked(=which is parked)outside the house. 房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。
（3）therebe+宾语+不定式不定式通常表示动作尚未发生：
如：There was nobody to look after the child. 没有人照顾这孩子。
        There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人要来给他送行。
        There was so much to lose that we couldn't take any risks. 可能会有很大的损失，因此我们不能冒险。
【注】当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主动表被动，也可用被动式：
如：There is much work to do[to be done]. 有许多工作要做。有时其中的不定式为系表结构：
        There is nothing to be afraid of. 没什么可怕的。
        What was there to be afraid of. 有什么可怕的?
        There's nothing to be ashamed of. 没有什么值得羞愧的。