本试题 “用所给单词的适当形式填空.1. Look at some girls (take) photos.2. The cat is (lie) on your book.3. Come and join our g , Jack!4. E has a beautiful ca...” 主要考查您对可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)
不可数名词
不定代词
分词
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
情况 | 构成方法 | 例词 | 读音 |
一般情况 | 在词尾加-s | desk→desks map→maps |
-s在清辅音后发/s/ |
day→days girl→girls |
-s在元音和浊辅音后发/z/ | ||
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词 | 在词尾加-es | bus→buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes | -es发/iz/音 |
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 | 变y为i再加-es | family→families factory→factories party→patries |
-ies发/iz/音 |
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 | 在词尾加-s | day→days boy→boys key→keys |
-s发/z/音 |
以f或fe结尾的词 | 变f或fe为v再加-es | knife→knives life→lives wife→wives half→halves |
-ves发/vz/音 |
以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 | 在词尾加-es | potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes |
-es发/z/音 |
以元音字母加-o结尾的词 | 在词尾加-s | radio→radios zoo→zoos |
-s发/z/音 |
不可数名词复数形式的特殊含义:
英语中的专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般为不可数名词,但有时它们却可用作复数形式。
此时它们往往又有了新的含义。
一、专有名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示一家人或夫妻。例如:
Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night?史密斯一家明晚会来参加我们的聚会吗?
2.表示同名或同姓的若干人。例如:
There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class.他班上有两个玛丽和三个罗伯特。
Did the Mr. Blakes come this morning?那几位布莱克先生今天上午来了吗?
二、物质名词的复数形式的含义
1.表示不同的种类,如food,wine,metal, wheat,rice等。例如:
The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的,
First of all,he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden。
首先他列出了一长串禁用的食品。
2.表示量很大,远远超过该词原来表示的程度或次数。这一类词常见的有:
sands(沙滩,沙漠),waters(水域),rains(大阵雨、雨季),winds(大风),times(时代), woods(森林),ruins(废墟),rags(碎片、破衣服),ashes(灰烬、骨灰)。例如:
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.上涨的河水给庄稼造成了很大的损害。
These caves collapse easily in heavy rains.下大雨时这些洞穴容易倒塌。
The children are playing on the sands.孩子们在沙滩上玩。
3.某些表示饮料名称的物质名词往往以复数形式代替单位词。这类词有:coffees,teas等。例如:
The waitress has served twenty teas since four o’clock.从四点起,这位女服务员已上了二十份午茶。
Send two coffees and three lemonades to the room.请将两杯咖啡和三杯柠檬汁送到这个房间。
4.某些物质名词又是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与原来个体完全不同的东西。这类词有:
glasses(眼镜、玻璃杯), irons(熨斗),coppers(铜币),papers(文章,
证件)等。例如:
She is always wearing glasses.她总是戴着眼镜。
He wrote many papers for the newspaper.他为这份报纸写过许多文章。
三、抽象名词的复效形式的含义
1.congratulations, regards, respects,thanks,wishes,apologies等复数形式用来
表示祝愿、礼貌和客气。例如:
It’s your birthday today.Congratulations!今天是你的生日,恭喜你!
You’ve given me so much help.Thanks a lot.你给了我很多帮助,非常感谢。
2.smiles, pities, fears, hopes, kindnesses复数形式表示强调。例如:
He was all smiles.他满脸笑容。
It is a thousand pities.非常遗憾。
I have received many kindnesses from him.他对我非常好。
Great fears are felt for the safety of the missing climbers.人们对失踪的登山者的安全权为担忧。
3.抽象名词具体化。有些抽象名词的复数形式表示具体的事物,如:
cares(烦人的事),anxieties(令人着急的事),worries(使人发愁的事),difficulties(难题),joys(使人高兴的事),failures(失败的事,失败的人),friendships(表示友谊的事例)等。例如:
After listening to his advice,she had no more anxieties.听了他的建议,她不再有发愁的事了。
His friendships never last very long.他与别人的交情从来都不长久。
After many failures,they finally succeeded.经过多次失败之后,他们最后成功了。
4.某些抽象名词在某种场合是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与该个体名词不同的意义,如:
youths(男青年、小伙子), relations(亲属), beauties(美人),necessities(必需品)等。例如:
Twenty youths attended the meeting yesterday.二十个男青年出席了昨天的会议。
All his poor relations came to spend their holidays at his home.他所有的穷亲戚都在他家过节。
不定代词用法例举:
①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词:some, someone, somebody, something
例如:They can speak some Japanese.
②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词:any, anyone, anybody, anything
例如:Is there anyone at home?
③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词:no, no one, nobody, nothing
例如:I have no watch.
There is nothing wrong with the machine.
④不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,亦可指物,它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
名词,指代复数名词时可以用ones。
例如:I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
I like small cars better than large ones.
⑤none通常只用作名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。
none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
例如:None of them knows the answer to the question.
⑥both, all
both指两个人、物或群体;
all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
例如:My parents are both teachers.
All of my friends are football fans.
⑦every, each
each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个别;
every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
例如:Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
Every student went to the park.(学生至少三人)
⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
other具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人,亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词,表示“其他的,别的”,不可单独使用。
例如:Do you have any other questions?
the other作形容词或代词,特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
例如:The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
others相当于“other+名词”,泛指“别的人或物”,只有名词性用法。
例如:Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
the others相当于“the other+名词”,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
例如:There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
another作形容词或代词,泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
例如:This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
⑨either, neither
either指“两者中的任何一个”;neither指“两者中无一”,具有否定意义。
例如:You can take either half.
Neither of the books is good.
⑩many, much, most
many和much具有名词和形容词的性质,都表示“许多、大量”。
Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词,many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
例如:Many boys like playing soccer.
We have much homework to do every day.
Most students think so.
(11)few, a few, little, a little
a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词,a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”,具有否定意义。
例如:He has a few friends here.
Hurry up! There is little time left.
现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表
分词用法:
1、分词作状语
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
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