本试题 “根据第一个句子的意思,完成第二个句子,每个空格只准填一个单词。1. The newspaper says the price of houses will continue to rise. It _______ _______ t...” 主要考查您对名词
关系代词
副词
动词短语
现在进行时
现在完成时
there be 句型
定语从句
主语从句
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
名词分类:
一、按意义分类
1.专有名词
表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写)。
例:China(中国)、Asia(亚洲) Beijing(北京)、the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)。
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。
如:the Great Wall(长城)。
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)。
如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2.普通名词
表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
例如:teacher 老师、tea 茶、 reform 改革。
普通名词又可进一步分为五类:
①个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。
(car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇photo 照片)
②集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
( people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 )
③复合名词:两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词
(boy-friend男友 passer-by过路人 brother-in-law内兄)
④物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
( fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶 )
⑤抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
( labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 )
二、按是否可数分类
名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)
1、不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;
它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词
2、可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式。
名词易混点举例:
一.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:
work(工作) ——a work (著作);
glass(玻璃)——a glass (玻璃杯);
aper(纸) ——a paper(报纸;文件;试卷)
tea(茶) ——a tea (一种茶)(表示种类);
wood(木头) ——a wood (小树林);
room(空间) ——a room (房间)
二.容易混淆的名词
1.work/job
① work是不可数名词,有体力或脑力劳动的意思,又有作为职业概念的“工作”的意思。
② job作为“工作”解,其实有两层含义:一个是“干活”的“活”或“零工”;一个作为职业的“事”,是可数名词。
job意思是a piece of work,指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作,实际含义是“职业”,
而work通常指抽象意义上的工作,是不可数名词,也可指“工作场所”。如:
I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
2. wish / hope
① wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb. to do sth.),而hope不可以这样用。例如:
I wish you to be happy.我希望你快乐。
② hope和wish都可以跟从句。hope之后的从句的谓语动词用一般将来时或一般现在时,所表达的愿望可以实现;
wish之后的从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气(以后学),表达的愿望无法实现。例如:
I hope you like the flowers.我希望你喜欢这些花。
I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只小鸟。(虚拟语气)
③hope和wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope/wish to do sth.)。wish比较正式,口气比较强烈;
而用hope所表达的愿望容易实现。例如:
I hope (wish) to go to college.我希望上大学。
④wish可接双宾语表示“祝愿、祝福”等,但hope却没有这种用法。例如:
I wish you success.我祝愿你成功。
3.silly/stupid/foolish
三个词都含有“蠢”的意思,但略有不同。
stupid所表达的程度最强,指智力、理解力和学习能力差;
silly指头脑简单、傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有一定的感情色彩;
foolish是普通用语,尤其是在口语中广泛使用。如:
He is stupid in learning math.
他学数学很笨。
Stop asking such silly questions.
别再问这样傻的问题了。
You are foolish to throw away such a good chance.
你真蠢,丢掉这么好的一个机会。
4.instead/instead of
instead/instead of
instead是副词,一般放在句首或句末。
而instead of 是介词短语,表示“代替”时, 含有“对比”的意思,其后常跟名词、代词或v-ing形式。如:
Jack didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.
杰克没有学法律,而是决定作一名演员。
If you can’t go to the meeting, I can go instead.
如果你不去开会, 我可以(代替你)去。
Could I have tuna instead of ham?
我能否要金枪鱼而不是火腿?
Miss Wang is ill. I’ll teach you instead of her.
王老师病了,我代替她给你们上课。
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
我们走着下楼梯而没有乘电梯。
5.frightened/afraid/terrible
frightened/afraid/terrible
① frightened是由过去分词转化的形容词,常指突如其来的震惊,可用very修饰,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。
②afraid只能做表语,多用于习惯经常地“惧怕”某事物, 泛指一种“恐惧心理”;
后接名词、代词、动名词等时,用介词of;接动词时,用带to的不定式;接从句用连词that (可省略)。
③ terrible指极端的恐怖,令人痛苦或不知所措。
6.learn/study
learn/study
二者都作“学、学习”讲,有时可以互换。如:
When did you begin to study/learn English?
你是什么时候开始学习英语的?
study侧重学习的过程;而learn侧重学习的结果,常译作“学到、学会”。 如:
He studied hard and at last learned the language.
他努力学习,终于学会了这门语言。
study用于较高深或周密的研究;
而learn多用于初级阶段的学习或带有模仿性的操作技艺等。如:
He is studying the math problem.
他正在研究这个数学问题。
He learns English on the radio.
他通过广播学英语。
The baby is learning to speak.
这个婴儿正在学说话。
7.there be/have/own
there be/have/own
①there be表示某处(或某时)"有"(某人或某物),表示客观存在之“有”。
②have是常用词,表示所属关系,是“所有”之“有”。
③ own指合法地拥有某物,强调具有法律上的所有权。
8.answer/reply
answer/reply
这两个词都可作“回答”讲,但用法有所区别。
reply为正式用语,多指经过考虑的、有针对性的、详细的回答,常用作不及物动词,和介词to连用,其宾语为名词或代词,这时可以与answer互换;
answer既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,常指口头或书面的回答,是一般用语。如:
The old man smiled before he replied to my question.
老人在回答我的问题前笑了笑。
I cannot answer you now. 我现在不能回答你。
How shall I answer? 我该怎样回答?
值得注意的是,answer可引申为“应答”之类的意义,这时不能用reply来代替。如:
answer the door (门铃响了)去开门
answer the telephone 接电话
英语名词特殊用法:
1.family指“家庭”时,强调全体;指“家里人”时强调个体,与住房无关
home指“家”,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩
Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词,意思是“在家”
house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.
2.man总称“人”、“人类”,用单数
people泛指“人们”,表示复数概念:People often work in the day.
指“人”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family.
前面加定冠词指“人民”,表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people.
指“民族”时,有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people.
person强调“人”的个体,有单、复数之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police总称“警察”,表示复数概念:
policeman强调“警察”的个体,有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指“宇宙万物”,强调物质概念:
When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and many other stars.
space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”,强调空间概念:
Many countries have sent up the satellites into space.
“空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.
5.不同国家的人的单复数:
名称 |
总称(谓语用复数) |
一个人 |
两个人 |
中国人 |
the Chinese |
a Chinese |
two Chinese |
瑞士人 |
the Swiss |
a Swiss |
two Swiss |
澳大利亚人 |
the Australians |
an Australian |
two Australians |
俄国人 |
the Russians |
a Russian |
two Russians |
意大利人 |
the Italians |
an Italian |
two Italians |
希腊人 |
the Greek |
a Greek |
two Greeks |
法国人 |
the French |
a Frenchman |
two Frenchmen |
印度人 |
the Indians |
an Indian |
two Indians |
加拿大人 |
the Canadians |
a Canadian |
two Canadians |
德国人 |
the Germans |
a German |
two Germans |
英国人 |
the English |
an Englishman |
two Englishmen |
瑞典人 |
the Swedish |
a Swede |
two Swedes |
日本人 |
the Japanese |
a Japanese |
two Japanese |
美国人 |
the Americans |
a American |
two Americans |
关系代词的基本用法:
(1)引导定语从句
关系代词代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回来都忘记了他的那本书。
(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
(2)which为其先行词。例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
(3)其他用法
关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
注释:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,that在从句中作表语时也可省略。
非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。
关系代词的语法注意:
1.常用that 不用which的情况:
①先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时。
I will do all (that) I can to help you.
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时。
He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
③先行词既有人,又有物时
They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
④当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
2. 若被修饰的名词充当从句介词宾语时
介词可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
3. 当先行词为way时
其后的定语从句用in which或 that引导,也可不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.
used to/be used to的分别:
①used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
②be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
③used to 的用法 (否定式简写为usedn't) 过去经常,以前常常
This used to be a shabby house. (此房年久失修)
used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事,有时可以换用。
used to do 强调过去习惯性的行为或状态,但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此,这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。
关系代词的用法:
一、不用that的情况
在引导非限定性定语从句时 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.
二、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a.在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b.在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c.先行词有the only, the very.(恰恰,正好).any. few. little. no. all 修饰时,只用that。
d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
e.先行词既有人,又有物时。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
三、不能用关系代词Which 的几种情况
1.当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which.
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词用that, 而不用which.
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.当先行词有序数词修饰时,关系代词用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.
It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.
There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在强调句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那样 "," 正象..." 之意时,用as, 不用which.
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面或主句中间,而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.
关系代词可以省略的情况:
1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.当that在从句中作补语时可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现there be 时,用作主语的关系代词也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.状语的省略
(1)当先行词是reason,而且定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
(2)当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)当先行词是time时,关系代词可用when,that 或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意:关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。
关系代词不能省略情况:
1.在介词+whom与介词+which中,whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
2.在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作宾语,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同类用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个)
4.当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,第一个关系代词可省,但第二,第三个不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
|
限定性 |
非限定性 |
限定性 |
主格 |
who |
which |
that |
宾格 |
whom |
that |
that |
属格 |
whose |
of which |
of which |
特殊关系代词的用法:
关系词通常是用来引导定语从句的,但as,than和but这三个词却与which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的关系词不同。
三者本身具有常见的字面意义,前面有名词作先行词,但后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。
这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,我们就姑且称它们为准关系词。
一、 as作为准关系代词出现在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等结构中。
这时, as前面通常要有名词;
as后面的从句意义上不像是通常的定语从句;
as需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. the same ... as
1) as在从句中作主语
She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天来这儿的那个人。
2) as在从句中作宾语
This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 这块表跟我三个月前在上海观光时丢失的那块一样。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
China is not the same country as it used to be. 中国已今非昔比。
4) as在从句中作行为方式状语
You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你应该学会像你母亲那样做家务活。
2. such ... as
1) as在从句中作主语
Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 让孩子看那些容易让他们变得更好更聪明的书。
2) as在从句中作宾语
This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 这不是你们刚才谈到的那种有趣的书。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他这样的坏人一定会受到惩罚。
3. as ... as
1) 第二个as在从句中作主语
He has as much money as is required. 他要多少钱就有多少钱。
2) 第二个as在从句中作宾语
I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一样多。
3) 第二个as在从句中作be动词的表语
As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。众所周知,台湾是中国的一个省。
二、than作为准关系词 出现在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等结构中。这时, than前面要有名词; than本身有比较意义,而且需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. than在从句中作主语
Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心,我的钱比所需要的还要多。
2. than在从句中作宾语
I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的书比你的多/少。
3. than在从句中作be动词的表语
He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一个比你更好的男孩。
三、but作为准关系词 本身含有否定意义,它前面的主句还有另一个否定意义。这时but在意义上相当于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。
1.定语从句中有be动词,并将其改为含but的复合句时, be动词后面不能再有not
There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 没有人不关心自己的未来?
2. 定语从句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助动词或情态动词,在将其改为含but的复合句时,这些助动词或情态动词后面不能再有not
There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 没有她做不到的事?
3. 定语从句中有助动词do, does, did, 在将其改为含but的复合句时,应去掉do, does, did, 还原其后动词的时态及人称变化
There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 谁都希望自己将来能有所成就。
四、which的先行词:关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子
He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
1)表示发生时间的副词:
It’s beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了!
2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind. 她常改变主意。
3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词:
1)有不少表示地点的副词:
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
①用作介词:Stand up! 起立!
②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。
3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词:
It’s the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。
副词的语法作用:
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
He works hard. (作状语)
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. (作状语)
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? (作表语)
她在家吗?
Let's be out. (作表语)
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!(作补语)
让他出去!
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
不同类型副词的用法比较:
方式副词:
1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。
2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。
3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。
程度副词和强调副词 :
1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”: Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗?
[说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单 quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了 do it very quickly 干得很快
2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
a. 修饰形容词等:
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
b. 修饰比较级:
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。
疑问副词和连接副词:
1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)
一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。
动词短语与短语动词:
(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.
(3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:
我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。
我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .
短语动词的类型
Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :
Monday ,February 5th.
*有些短语动词不带宾语:
The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.
*多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:
动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词
I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.
如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:
I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)
如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:
动词+代词+副词性小品词
I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)
*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:
I don`t get on with the people at work.
短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
bring about 引起,实现,导致
bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
bring forth 产生,引起,结果
bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
bring together 使和解
bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐
二、动词短语
动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
break one’s leg 摔断腿
break a window 打破窗户
break the rules 违反规定
break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
break the world record 打破世界记录
bread easily 容易断
break to pieces 破成碎片
bring a book 带来一本书
bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒
初中英语动词短语整理:
1. break
break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
break off暂停,中断
break in破门而入, 打断
break into破门而入,突然…起来
break out爆发
break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
break through 出现,突破
break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解
2. call
call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
call back唤回; 回电话;
call for需要,要求
call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
call off取消; 叫走,转移开
call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
call sb sth 为某人叫某物
call (up)on sb to do sth
叫(请)某人做某事
call up给…打电话; 想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍
call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去
3. come
come down下跌,落,降,传下来
come in进来
come out出版,结果是
come on来临/ 快点
come along一道来,赶快
come over走过来
come up发芽,走近
come back回来
come from来自,源自
4. cut
cut down砍倒,削减
cut up连根拔除,切碎
5. die
die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
die from死于(外界原因)
die out绝种
6. fall
fall behind落后
fall down掉下,跌倒
fall into 落入;陷入
fall off 从。。。掉下
fall out与。。。争吵
7. go
go along沿着。。。。走
go through通过,经受
go over复习,检查
go up(价格)上涨,建造起来
go against违反
go away离开
go by时间过去
go down降低,(日、月)西沉
go on(with)继续进行
go out外出,熄灭
go off发出响声
8. get
get down下来,记下,使沮丧
get on进展,进步,穿上,上车
get off脱下,下车
get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
get over克服,从疾病中恢复
get along with进展,相处
get up起床
get into (trouble) 陷入困境中
get back取回,收回
get out 出去
get to 到达。。。
9. give
give away赠送,泄露,出卖
give out发出,疲劳,分发,
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放弃,让(座位)
10. hand
hand in交上,提交
hand out分发
11.hold
hold on to…继续,坚持
hold up举起,使停顿
hold on别挂电话,等,坚持
12. keep
keep up with跟上
keep out 不使。。。进入
keep from克制,阻止
keep away from避开,不接近,
keep on继续,坚持下来
keep down 使。。。处于低水平
13.knock
knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上
14. look
look up查找,向上看
look through翻阅,浏览
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
look out(for)当心
look about / around/round四下查看
look forward to盼望
15. make
make up编造,打扮,组成
make into / of / from 制成
16.pass
pass by经过
pass down(on)…to传给
17. pay
pay back还钱,报复
pay for付钱,因…得到报应
18. pick
pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
pick out挑选,辨认,看出
19. put
put up张贴,举起,
put out伸出,扑灭
put off推迟
put into放进,翻译
put away放好,存钱
put down记下,平息
put on穿戴,上映,
put aside放到一边
put back放回
20. stand
stand out 突显,引人注目
stand up 起立,站起来
38.其它常用词组
wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
depend on依靠;取决于
worry about为。。。担忧
laugh at嘲笑。。。
begin with以。。。开始
mix up混合、搀和
major in 主修
grow up成长
open up 打开,张开;开发
end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
throw away 丢弃。。。
ask for要求。。。
wait for等待。。。
agree with同意。。。
find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
send out 发出,放出,射出
search for 搜索,搜查
chop down 砍到
have.. on 穿着。。。
step out of 跨步走出
drop out of 从。。。掉出
happen to 发生在。。。
belong to属于
arrive in /at到达。。。
try on试穿。。。
vote on对。。。进行投票
strech out伸展。。。
hang out闲逛
leave for离开前往
sell out 卖完、售完
show up 出席;露面
21. run
run after追逐,追捕
run away逃跑
run off跑掉,迅速离开
run out of用完
22. set
set up建立
set off 激起,引起
23. take
take after 与…相像
take off脱掉,起飞
take away拿走
take up从事,占用(时间空间)
take down记录,取下
take back收回
take pride in以… ……为自豪,
take the place of 代替
24. think
think of想起,考虑,对…看法
think out(自然)想出办法
think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
think about考虑
think over仔细考虑
25. turn
turn off / on打开
turn to翻到,转向,求助
turn down调低,拒绝
turn back返回,转回去
turn round转过身来
turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大
26. care
care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
care for 关心,关怀,照顾
27. clean
clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
clean out 清除;把…打扫干净
28.learn
learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
learn from 从/向。。。学习
29. fight
fight for..争取获得…
fight against 争取克服、战胜…
fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗
30. dream
dream of梦想,想橡
dream about 梦到。。。
31. work
work for 为。。工作
work out 产生结果;发展;成功
32. argue
argue with …与。。。争论
argue about..争论。。。
33. complain
complain to 向。。抱怨
complain about抱怨。。。
34. hear
hear of 听说,得知
hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
hear from接到。。。的信
35. talk
talk about 讨论。。。
talk with/to..和。。。讨论
36. live
live in 住在。。。
live on 以。。。为主食
现在进行时的构成:
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式
第一人称单数I+am+ing.
第一人称复数We+are+ing.
第二人称单(复)数 You+are+ing
第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+ing
第三人称复数 They+are+ing
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+现在分词
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+现在分词
一般疑问句:be(is/am/are)+主语+现在分词
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?
间接引语中改为过去进行时。
变化规则:
1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing 变sleeping)
2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing 变biting)
3.重读闭音节,以辅音字母加元音字母加辅音字母结尾的词,要双写尾字母再加ing(例:swim+m+ing=swimming)
4.以ie结尾的重读闭音节,变ie为y+ing (例:die-dying lie-lying)
5结尾为c且c读作/k/时,在结尾加k再加ing,如picnic-picnicking
现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:
(一)现在进行时表示动作的暂时性,而一般现在时表示动作的习惯性和经常性
I am watching TV now. (暂时性)
I watch TV every day. (经常性)
(二)现在进行时可表示短暂性动作,而一般现在时表示长久性动作。
Lucy is living in Beijing.(短时间居住)
Lucy lives in Beijing. (长久性居住)
(三)现在进行时表示的动作可带有感情色彩,而一般现在时所表述的动作通常是事实。
You’re always forgetting the most important things. (责备)
He is always helping others. (赞扬)
He often helps others. (事实)
(四)有些动词不能用进行时,know, understand, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice,等等。
这些动词通常用一般现在时表示说话时发生的动作。
I have a lot of friends here.
She wants to buy a new bike.
现在进行时用法注意:
1.进行时中,并不是所有的动词都要使用正在进行时。
例如一些表示状态和感觉的动词,一般不用进行时态,而是用现在一般时表示。
这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。
例如:see(明白),know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate等。
I hear someone singing. 我正听见有人唱歌。
Do you see anyone over there? 你看到那里有什么人吗?
What does he think of it? 他觉得这怎么样?
如果这些词使用正在进行时态,句子带有某种感情色彩。例如:
Are you seeing someone off? 你在给谁送行吗?
They are hearing an English talk. 他们在听一个英语报告。
2.现在进行时还有另外一种含义,即它们能表达即将发生的事情,相当于一般将来时。
有些动词从结构来看是现在进行时,但却是表示将要发生的事,而不表示动作现在正在进行。
这些动词往往是一些表示位置移动变化的动词:arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work等。
We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五出发。
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?你明天准备去哪儿?
A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。
Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗?
在表示将来的情况下,特别是be going to do sth. 这种结构,已经没有多少“去”的意思了,几乎就是用来表达“将要、打算”做什么事情。例如:
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。明天很可能非常冷。
She is not going to speak at the meeting。她不打算在那个会上发言。
3.当其与always、forever、continually、constantly 等副词连用时表示重复的动作,而这种动作可能使人不满,厌倦或满意。例如:
①She is perpetually interfering in my affairs.她老是干预我的事。 (不满)
②The students are making progress constantly.学生们在不断进步。 (满意)
4.在时间、条件状语从句中,有时可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。
When you are passing my way,please drop in.
你什么时候路过我家,请进来坐。
现在完成时的用法:
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语+have / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to:去了没回
has been to :去过
has been in:呆了很久
There be句型:
是一常见的表示“存在”的句型。该结构不表示“存在”意义的现象又广见于书面语及口语,它以否定句的形式出现,用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。
There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词“那里”的含义。
There be 后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构;
1.There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式,一种是将否定副词not放在be 之后,如:
There isn’t a box in the room.房间里没有盒子。
There aren’t any pens on the desk.课桌上没有钢笔。
There hasn’t been any rain for a week.一周没下雨了。
There won’t be a meeting today.今天没有会议。
另一种是在主语前加上不定代词no , 如:
There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。
There are no pictures on the wall.墙上没有图画。
There will be no one at home tomorrow morning.明天上午不会有人在家。
There might be no money left。或许没有剩下什么钱。
2.There be 句型的一般疑问句是将be 放在there 之前,回答时用yes或no,后接简单答语。如:
Is there a cake on the table?桌子上有块蛋糕吗?
Yes,there is. / No,there isn’t.是,有。/ 不,没有。
Will there be a party tonight?今晚有聚会吗?
Yes,there will./ No, there won’t是的,有。/ 不,没有。
Have there been any letters from your mother lately?近日你妈妈有信来吗?
Yes,there have./ No, there haven’t.是,有的。/ 不,没有。
3.There be 句型的特殊疑问句主要有how many和how much做引导词两种情况:
How many students are there in your school?你们学校有多少学生?
How much money is there in your pocket?你口袋里有多少钱?
4.There be 句型的反意疑问句
There is a cup on the table, isn’t there?桌子上有只杯子,是吗?
There is some orange in the glass, isn’t there?杯子里有桔汁,是吗?
There are a lot of letters in the mailbox, aren’t there?邮筒里有很多信件,是吗?
There will be a new hospital nearby, won’t there?附近要建一家新医院,是吗?
和have的比较:
1.区别点:there be 意为存在,强调某地有某物,不表示所属关系;have 表示所有关系, 强调某人或某地有某物,这是其基本用法。如:
There are some trees in front of the house.房前有些树。
Tom has many friends in China.汤姆在中国有许多朋友。
2.相同点:在表示结构上的含有时,既可以用there be 句型,也可以用have(has) 来表示。如:
There are many long rivers in China./China has many long rivers.中国有许多长河。
How many days are there in March?/How many days has March?三月份有多少天?
注意:
There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语
(如和将来时be going to will、现在完成时 havehas + pp. 、used to结构等连用,注意其构成形式)。
例如:
There must be a pen in the box.
There happened to be some money in my pocket.
There is going to be a meeting tonight.
There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.
There used to be a church across from the bank.
There be + 主语 + doing +介词短语. 例如:
There is a truck collecting rubish outside.
There is a wallet lying on the ground
定语从句的分类:
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去;
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
1.由that引导的定语从句
一般情况下that可指人或物,可以代替who,whom和which,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能作介词的宾语。如:
The comrade that(who)is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker.
正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。
Is this the doctor that(whom)you talked about yesterday?
这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗?
The letter that(which)I received yesterday was from my father.
昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。
2.由who,whom和whose引导的定语从句
who在从句中作主语,whom在从句中作宾语,whose在从句中作定语。如:
This is the thief who stole my bike.这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find.他就是你想要找的那个男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside.妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
3.由which引导的定语从句
which指物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如:
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”.
妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum.
鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。
4.由where,when和why引导的定语从句
where在从句中作地点状语,when在从句中作时间状语,why在从句中作原因状语。如:
I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
He will go back to the school where he studied next week.下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin.我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。
[注意点]
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词常省去。如:
The play(which)I watched just now had been on twice on Channel
我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。
关系词 |
词形 |
所修饰的先行词 |
在从句中所作的成分 |
关系代词 |
who |
人 |
主语、宾语、表语 |
whom |
人 |
宾语 | |
which |
物 |
主语、宾语、表语 | |
that |
人或物 |
主语、宾语、表语 | |
as |
人或物 |
主语、宾语、表语 | |
whose=of whom/of=which |
人或物 |
定语 | |
关系副词 |
when |
时间词 |
时间状语 |
where |
地点词 |
地点状语 | |
why |
原因词 |
原因状语 |
关系代词的用法 :
1. 关系代词的句法功能
(1)关系代词在句中作主语
例如:I prefer music that/which has great lyrics
(2) 关系代词在句中作宾语
例如:I like music that I can sing along with.
(3)关系代词在句中作表语
例如:The house is not the one (that) it used to be.
2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语
例如:Is she the teacher whose hair is very short?
3. 关系代词的用法
(1)who和whom的用法:二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,
whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语,而who则不能。
例如:
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party
in the shopping center yesterday.
(2)whose的用法:一般指人,有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。
例如:I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics.
(3)which的用法:一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。
例如:The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min.
(4)that的用法:指人或物,指人时可与who、whom互换,指物时可与that互换。
在从句中可作主语、宾语,还可作表语。
例如:It is a book (that/which) no one really likes.
4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时
例如:Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions.
(2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语
例如:The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
5. 在以下情况中,关系代词常用that
(1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时,只能用that。
例如:There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
(2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时,只能用that。
例如:This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
(3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that。
例如:This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(4)先行词同时包括人和物时,只能用他和她,
例如:Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
6. 只能用which不能用that的情形
(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时,只能用which
例如:The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
(2)关系代词前面有介词时,只能用which
例如:The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
(3)先行词本身就是that时
例如:I don’t like that which he did.
关系副词的用法
1. when的用法:它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
例如:Do you remember the time when she went abroad?
2. where的用法:它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。
例如:I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法:它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。
例如:Tell me the reason why she was late.
与“根据第一个句子的意思,完成第二个句子,每个空格只准填一个...”考查相似的试题有: