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初中二年级英语

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  • 单选题
    Mr. Li             swimming for 3 hours, and his son            an hour ago.
    [     ]

    A. has been; started
    B. have started; has started
    C. started; started
    D. has started; has started
    本题信息:2010年同步题英语单选题难度一般 来源:曾庆艳
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本试题 “Mr. Li swimming for 3 hours, and his son an hour ago.[ ]A. has been; startedB. have started; has startedC. started; startedD. has started; has started” 主要考查您对

一般过去时

现在完成进行时

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 一般过去时
  • 现在完成进行时
一般过去时:
表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
基本结构:
主语+动词过去式+其他;
否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;
一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。
一般过去时句法结构:
肯定形式
主语+动词过去式+其他
例句:She often came to help us in those days.
否定形式
①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
例句:I didn't know you like coffee
一般疑问句
①Did+主语+do+其他? ②WasWere+主语+表语?
例句:Did I do that?
用表格整理如下:
肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式
Iworked Did I work? I did not work Did I not work?
He(She,It) worked Did he(she,it) work? He(she,it) did not work Did he(she,it) notwork?
We worked Did we work? We did not work Did we not work?
You worked Did you work? You did not work Did you not work?
They worked Did they work? They did not work Did they not work?
记忆口诀:
一般过去时并不难,过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单,didn't 站在动原前,其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记!

一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则:

构成

举例

一般情况

词尾+ed

动词原形

过去式和过去分词

look
talk

looked
talked

以不发音字母e结尾

词尾+d

like
arrive

liked
arrived

以“辅以字母+y”结尾

变y为i,再加ed

fly
study

flied
studied

以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母

双写词尾+ed

stop
plan

stopped
planned 


结构句型:

1.一般句子
I watched TV last night.
2.一般疑问句
Did you watch TV last night?
3.there be 句型
There was an apple on the table last night.
Was there an apple on the table last night
一般过去时注意事项:
1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
如果主句用了过去时,从句中一般也要用过去式,或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如:
He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

2.在口语中, 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去,而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如:
I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗?

3.used to
used to 是一个词组,表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如:
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)
一般过去式用法:
(1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。
句式:主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子,抽烟抽得可凶了。

(2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:
yesterday,last week ,in  the  past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
(句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响)。
Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗?(你现在不饿吗?)
Yes,I have. 是的,我已经吃过了。(已经吃饱了,不想再吃了。)
When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的?(关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。)
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。)
Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
I ate it at 6:45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

(3)带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:
yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、last year…(去年…)、the other day(前几天)、
once upon a time(很久以前)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、
When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…)、at+一个时间点
Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
注:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。

(4)表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。

(5)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
比较:
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
(说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
(表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
(不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)

(6)如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做,而现在不那样做了)
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
(意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
比较:
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
(只是说明过去这一动作)

(7)有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时。
I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
(因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
(这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)
一般过去时三变技巧:
一变:肯定句变为否定句
技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could,would,should等时,可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如:
I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
技巧2.当句中含有系动词was,were 时,可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如:
I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在该动词之前加did not / didn't,动词还原,构成否定句。例如:
The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

二变:陈述句变为一般疑问句
技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was,were, could,would,should等移到句首。例如:
He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在主语之前加did,动词还原。例如:
Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

三变:陈述句变为特殊疑问句
技巧1.确定疑问词:人who / whom,物what,地点where,时间when / what time,原因why,频率how often,长度how long,距离how far等等。例如:
They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
技巧2.辨认结构形式:疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如:
The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?
现在完成进行时:
是英语中,动词的一种基本时态,其构成为:主语+have/has+been+现在分词+其他成分。
基本结构:
I/we/theyhavebeen+动词的现在分词
He/she/ithasbeen+动词的现在分词
在当代英语中,现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如:
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well.
自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t had that much contact with him.
他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。
否定句构成:
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词+其他
一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他

现在完成进行时主要用法:
(一)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。
(动作还将继续下去)
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。
(动作还将继续下去)I study for English since 10 years ago.

(二)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了
(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)

(三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作五年了。

(四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.(动作已经完成)
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。

(五)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
 I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌,等等。
(六)一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同
延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态中使用,句意相同。例如:
She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.
She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.
(七)表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性
It has been raining for 3 days。


现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:
1. 现在完成时强调动作的完成,而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续,因此,表示动作的完成,只能用现在完成时,而不能用现在完成进行时。如:
He has changed his idea. 他改变了想法。

2. 在表示动作的延续时,虽然既可用现在完成时,也可用现在完成进行时,但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。
因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时,应用现在完成进行时。如:
We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了。

3. 在许多情况下,现在完成时表示动作已经完成,而现在完成进行时却并非如此。如:
He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦干净了。(动作已完成)
He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗户。(动作不一定完成)

4. 有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时,一般不能用于现在完成进行时。如:
I’ve known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年了。
The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。

5. 有少数动词(如live, work, teach, study等)用两种时态都可以,意思差别不大。如:
I’ve lived [been living] here for 30 years. 我在这儿住了30年了。
How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这里工作多久了?

6. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的相通性:在表达一个从过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时,某些动词既可以用现在完成时,也可以用现在完成进行时,如:
expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。如:
你学习英语多久了?
正:How long have yon learnt English?
正:How long have you been learning English?
他已经睡了十个小时了。
正:He has slept for ten hours.
正:He has been sleeping for ten hours.

过去完成时与现在完成区别:
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;
现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。例:
I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?
(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
(强调有包装,可能为不公平竞争。)

2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately例:
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例:
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.

4)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.


与现在完成进行连用的主要时间状语:
现在完成进行时所用的时间状语:
all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段,等等。如:
He has been working all day. 他整天都在工作。
They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。
They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树。
 Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽车销量近来一直在下降。
Vera has been trying to learn Chinese for years. 维拉努力学汉语已有好几年了。
He has been sleeping for ten hours. 他已经睡了十个小时了。
Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期,吉姆天天晚上都给詹妮打电话。
The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year. 自从新年以来,双方就一直在试图联手。