本试题 “汉译英。1. 你本应该学习更好些。 (should have done)_________________________________________________2. 昨天你没有必要到这儿来。(needn't have done)__...” 主要考查您对虚拟语气
翻译能力
等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
虚拟语气的概念：
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：
一、真实条件句：
真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如果的意思。
时态关系句型：条件从句：一般现在时；主句：shall/will+动词原形
如：If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题：
The volleyball match will be put off if it___.
A. will rain
B. rains
C. rained
D. is rained
答案：B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will。
如： （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
二、非真实条件句：
非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型：从句：一般过去时；主句：should(would)+动词原形
如：If they were here, they would help you.
b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型：条件从句：过去完成时；主句：should(would)have+过去分词
如：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
c.表示对将来的假想句型：
条件从句：一般过去时；主句：should+动词原形
从句： were+不定式；主句：would+动词原形 should+动词原形
如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
三、混合条件句：
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
比较if only与only if：
only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。
如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
It is(high) time that It is(high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
如：It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
need“不必做”和“本不该做"”
didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事，事实上也没做。
needn'thavedone表示：过去不必做某事，但事实上做了。
如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
典型例题：
There was plenty o ftime. She___.
A. mustn't have hurried
B. couldn't have hurried
C. must not hurry
D. needn't have hurried
答案：D。needn't havedone. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustn't have done用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done,“不可能已经”。must not do不可以（用于一般现在时）
特殊的虚拟语气词should 的用法：
1）It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，should可省略。
句型：
如：It is suggested that we(should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he(should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist+(should)do
如：I suggest that we(should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he(should) be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错：（错）You pale face suggests that you(should) be ill.
（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
（错）I insisted that you(should) be wrong.
（对）I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
如：My idea is that we(should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we(should) hold a meeting next week.
虚拟语气知识体系：
| 条件从句中的谓语动词形式 | 主句中的谓语动词形式 | |
| 与过去事实相反 | had+过去分词 | should/would+have+过去分词 |
| 与现在事实相反 | 过去式 | should/would+动词原形 |
| 与将来事实相反 | 1、过去式 | should/would+动词原形 |
| 2、should+动词原形 | should/would+动词原形 | |
| 3、were to+动词原形 | should/would+动词原形 |
虚拟条件句的倒装：
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。
如：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
如：If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题：_____to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I
B. I were
C. Were I
D. Was I
答案：C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。
但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do.，而不能说Weren't I to do。
翻译的概念：
翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。要做好这类题，就要掌握所学句型及短语，还要灵活运用。
翻译题解题技巧：
第一步：
找出基本的句型结构句型结构就像建筑楼房所需要的框架，只有框架搭建好了，才能继续添加短语词汇使句子完整，因此，选对句型至关重要。
例1：请尽早做出决定，不然你会坐失良机。(or)
Please make your decision as early as possible, or you'll miss the good chance.
【分析】本题给出了并列连词or，考查学生所掌握的并列句型结构为“祈使句+or you will…”
例2：这小孩太调皮，使得他那忙于工作的父母常常心烦意乱。(So)
So naughtyis the child that he often upsets his parents who are busy with their work.
【分析】本题所给的词汇为So，大写字母说明该词应放在句首，那么学生应选择倒装句式翻译此句，结构为“So+形容词+be/V+主词+that+句子”。
例3：我觉得很难解出这道数学题。(…it…)
I find it difficult to work out this math problem.
【分析】本题考查的是it作形式宾语的用法，学生在处理这道题时首先应想到“6123”结构，“6”代表6个在本句式中的常用动词feel、make、consider、find、believe、think；“1”代表形式宾语“it”；“2”代表形容词或副词；“3”代表动词不定式、动名词或从句，作真正的宾语。针对本句应选择“find+it+形容词+todo”这一句式。
第二步：
根据所提示单词，选择适合的短语或词汇这一步需要学生对短语和词汇的熟练掌握，笔者在平时的教学中十分关注学生对这部分基础知识的记忆训练，经过长时间的积累，学生能够达到看到词汇就能对组成的短语脱口而出的程度，对学生翻译能力的提高大有帮助。
例1：那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助于游客。(choice)
At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist (for help).
【分析】本题给出的单词为choice，学生会想到have no choice，同时还要强调but后面要加动词不定式to do。这时可给出另外一个短语“do nothing but do”让学生进行比较，找到其中的不同。
例2：你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)
You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done.
【分析】本题重点考查apologize to sb.for sth.的短语搭配，记忆不扎实的学生会在两个介词的使用上出现乱用的情况，应作强调。
第三步：
判断句子的时态和语态这个步骤对于普通高中的学生来说是失分最严重的地方，学生翻译句子时经常会忘记考虑句子所需的时态，第三人称和主动被动的问题，因此，鼓励学生养成下笔前先考虑时态语态的好习惯，在这个部分就能挽回很多不必要的失分。
1、动词的时态：
1）根据汉语句子中的时间副词判断句子的时态，如：正在、经常、曾经、将、着、了、过、到…为止等。
例1：为了保持健康，我们经常参加体育锻炼。(To)
To keep fit, we often take part in physical exercise.
【分析】句中出现“经常”，应选择一般现在时。
例2：她找到了一份做护士的工作。(as)
She has found a job as a nurse.
【分析】句中出现“了”，表示动作已经完成，应选择现在完成时。
2）根据句意或句子所给出的连词判断时态。
例1：我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再做出最终结论。(before)
We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.
【分析】before引导的时间状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。
例2：你最好乘出租车去电影节的开幕式，不然就要迟到了。(or)
You'd better go to the opening ceremony of the Film Festival by taxi, or you'll be late.
【分析】本题给出连词or，应选择将来时。
3）注意用一般现在时表示经常、反复出现的动作或客观事实。
例1：各色阳伞给夏日待头平添了活泼的气氛。(add to)
Colorful umbrellas add to alively at mosphere in the summer streets.
2、动词的语态
1）根据汉语句子中的一些有被动含义的词汇判断，如：被、挨、遭、受到、获得、加以、得以、为…所等。
例1：我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。(occur)
It never occurred to me that Tom would be elected chairman of the Student's Union.
【分析】本句中“被选为”是典型的被动语态句式，应为“be elected chairman”，还要强调chairman为职位，前面不加冠词。
例2：导演得知自己的影片获奖，感到无比自豪。(award)
Learning that he was awarded an award for his film, the director felt very proud of himself.
【分析】本句中“获奖”为被动语态，award sb. for sth.变成被动语态sb. be awarded for sth.
2）当句子的主语是“人们、有人、有些人、大家、据说、据报道”等。
例1：据报道这种野生植物含有丰富的维生素。(It...)
It is reported that wild plants contain rich Vitamins.
【分析】本句中it作形式主语，事情是被报道的。类似的用法还有It is said that…, It is believed that…, It is considered that…等。
3）当句中的主语为事情，地点或没有主语的情况。
例：应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage)
Young people should been couraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points.
【分析】本句中缺少主语“人们”，因此把宾语“年轻人”放在句首，用被动语态完成句子。
第四步：
避免中英文语言习惯的差异学生受汉语言文化的影响，经常会用汉语思维的习惯去思考英语句子，或直接逐字逐句对照汉语单词翻译英文单词，忽略了英语的语言习惯，变成了我们经常所说的“Chinglish”(即Chinese English，中国式英语)。
例1：她很粗心大意，经常丢东西。
【误】She is so thick heart and big mind that she often loses things.
【正】She is so careless that she often loses things.
【例2】如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。(convenient)
【误】If you are convenient, please fetch me the parcel from the post office.
【正】If(it is)convenient, please fetch me the parcel from the post office.
第五步：
仔细检查写出的句子，发现错误及时改正，有些错误是在翻译时不经意犯下的，我们有能力自己检查并改正过来，因此在写好翻译句子后，要学会检查。
翻译题常见的错误分析：
1、动词时态：
动词时态的错误在翻译题中是常见错误之一，也是翻译的主要失分点之一。学生在完成所有翻译题后，必须对每题的时态进行系统的检查，以避免此类错误的发生。动词时态方面的错误主要集中在第三人称单数以及句子前后时态对应关系等方面。
【例1】小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。(help)
【误】Group discussion help to understand the text better.
【正】Group discussion helps to understand the text better.
【错误分析】本题主要犯了动词时态第三人称方面的错误。句子主语Groupdiscussion是单数形式，谓语动词就必须用第三人称单数。
【例2】我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终结论。(before)
【误】We have a further discussion before we will draw a final conclusion.
【正】We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.
【错误分析】本题的测试目标之一就是考查状语从句中主从句时态的“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时，从句需用一般现在时代替将来时。
【例3】物理课上，他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。(fail)
【误】In the physics class, he failed to understand what Professor Wang is talking about.
【正】In the physics class, he failed to understand what Professor Wang was talking about.
【错误分析】宾语从句中的时态要和主句相对应，本题就犯了主从句时态不一致的错误。
2、搭配翻译题中经常出现的搭配错误主要集中在介词与其他词的搭配以及动宾搭配方面。学生在记忆一些带有介词的短语时，应特别注意所搭配的介词，不能乱用。
1）介词搭配：
【例1】这款手机式样新颖，携带方便，深受年轻人欢迎。(popular)
【误】The mobile phone is fashionable in style and convenient to carry, so it is very popular by the young.
【正】The mobile phone is fashionable in style and convenient to carry, so it is very popular with the young.
【错误分析】学生在翻译时将“受欢迎”理解成被动含义，自然就出现了“by the young”，而忽略了短语“be popular with”中的介词搭配。
【例2】你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)
【误】You should apologize for the people present to what you have just done.
【正】You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done.
【错误分析】apologize的句型结构应为：apologize to sb. for sth.，前后介词搭配不能错位。
2）动宾搭配：
【例1】你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once)
【误】Once you get a bad habit, it is very difficult to get rid of it.
【正】Once you get into/form a bad habit, it is very difficult to get rid of it.
【错误分析】“养成习惯”从动宾搭配角度来说应为get into/form a habit，而不能用get与habit搭配。
3、关系一致：
在翻译题中，关系一致的错误主要表现为主谓一致、代词一致、名次的数前后一致以及主语和逻辑主语一致方面的错误。
【例1】一本书是否畅销取决于诸多因素。(whether)
【误】Whether a book sells well depend on many/various factors.
【正】Whether a book sells well depends on many/various factors.
【错误分析】根据主谓一致的语法规则，当主语是一个从句、一个动名词或不定式短语时，谓语用单数形式。
4、连接词翻译题中连接词方面的错误主要表现为连接词的添加或缺损。
【例1】多参加些体育锻炼，你就不那么容易感冒了。(If…)
【误】If you take/have more physical exercise, and you will not catch a cold easily.
【正】If you take/have more physical exercise, you will not catch a cold easily.
【错误分析】本题误句中犯了连接词添加的错误。在做翻译题时，学生要特别注意并列连词and，so，but等不能和引导复合句的连词合用
5、句式平衡当句中的连词确定之后，还要考虑连词的位置是否放正确了。句子结构的平衡不仅是正确使用语法的体现，更是句子规范的体现。
【例】遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是相互帮助。(not…but)
【误】When we meet with difficulties, what we need is not to blame each other but help each other.
【正】When we meet with difficulties, what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other.
【错误分析】上题误句中犯了句式平衡的错误。Not…but…的前后句型结构必须保持一致，上题中not后跟的是动词不定式结构，故but后的不定式的标志“to”不能省略。
与“汉译英。1. 你本应该学习更好些。 (should have done)_______...”考查相似的试题有：