非限制性定语从句的概念：

非限制性定语是对被修饰名词或代词的附加说明，它不是必需的，如果去掉，也不会影响句子的意思，它与被修饰名词之间通常用逗号分开。
如：The travellers, knowing about the floods, took another road. 游客们知道发了大水，都改道走了。
        The boys, wanting to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些男孩子想踢足球，因为下雨感到失望。

非限制性定语从句用法：

1、引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用which(不用that)。
例如：Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy.
            热是另一种形式的能量，与其他形式的能量一样重要。 （从句表补充说明，而且关系代词which不能换成that。） 　　
2、引导非限定性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指前面整个句子的含义。
例如：That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
            彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已传得沸沸扬扬。（句子中的which指“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。） 　　
3、除which外，还可用when，where，who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。
例如：After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life. 
毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我曾度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。 　　                 
Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World WarII, when Jews were badly treated in Germany.  
第二次世界大战期间，爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国，那时犹太人在德国受到不好的对待。 　　
4、在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定性定语从句的关联词不能省。
如：He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother. 
他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他把他的继母当作亲生母亲一样热爱和尊敬。 　　    
The American journalist(whom/who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters.
 播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。 　　
两例中的关系代词都在从句中作宾语。由于第二例是限定性定语从句，可以省略关系代词；第一例中的引导词不能省略，因为它引导的是非限定性定语从句。 　　
5、表示“正如”的含义时，通常用as引导非限定性定语从句，也可用which引导；但置于句首时，只能用as引导。 　　
如：China has basically succeeded in defeating SARS, which/as we have expected.
        正如我们所预料的那样，中国已基本上战胜了“非典”。 　　  
        As is well known to everybody, Tai wan is an inseparable part of China.
        众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 　　
但是当非限定性定语从句是否定含义时，就只能用which(而不用as)引导。
如：He didn't win the championship, which I hadn't expected.
        他没获得冠军，这一点是我没预料到的。

非限制性定语丛句中as, which的区别：

1、which引导非限制性定语丛句代表前面的整个句子的时候，一般是对主句的结果的说明。 
      如： He grows too fast, which makes him taller than his classmates.
2、as引导非限制性丛句代表前面整个句子时一般来讲丛句的谓语动词有三种：
A. 含有be动词：
如：He failed the exam, as is natural.
B. 实意动词的被动形式：
如：As is reported, the fire caused a great loss.
C.感官动词和意识类动词如：
如：see, hear, notice, know, learn, realize 等。 
        As you know, I am a teacher.
3、as可翻译为正如，它引导的丛句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后；which引导的该丛句只能位于主句之后。
例1：__A___he realized, I was very useful to him. 
例2：This elephant is like a snake, ___A__anybody can see. 
例3：The sun gives us light and heat, __B___makes the plan tgrow well.
          A. As(as)
          B. which
          C. that
          D. who

限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别：

非限制性定语从句的关系词：

非限定性定语从句的使用规则及注意事项：

1、which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
2、在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which。其中，介词的选用，依据从句中的动词所需搭配的介词来选用。例句：
① Attitudes towards day dreaming are changing in much the same way that(inwhich)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
    人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
② I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 
    我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
③ We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
    刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3、as有时也可用作关系代词。
4、在非限定性定语从句中，关系词不能用that。

it的概念：

it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。

it 的用法：

1、it可指天气、温度、时间、距离等 。
如：It is cold today, isn't it?
2、用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。
如：The dog is not  acold-blooded animals.  It doesn't need to hibernate.
3、为避免重复，it可用来代替前面说过的短语或句子。
如：I tried to persuade my father to give up smoking, but found it impossible. (it=to persuade my father to give up smoking)
4、代替指示代词this，that。
如：—What's this?
        —It's an album.
        —Whose new bike is that?
        —It's Mary's.
注：it与one，that的区别：
        it=the（this, that）+名词，特指并且代替前面所提到的某特定事物。
如：He's bought a new car, so he drives it everywhere to show ito ff.
        one=a+名词，one指前面提到的同类事物中的不同的另一个。
如：He needs a computer, but he can't afford one.
        that=the+名词，that指代的名词与前面的名词属于同一类，但不属同一个。
如：The population of China is larger than that of Japan.  that指代population，但其后有一个of短语作定语，以区别于the population of China。
注：it与that的异同：
        it指同一事物，that指同类但并不是同一事物。
如：I like the climate of Kunming more than that of Beijing.
       The climate of Kunming is mild, and I like it.
5、It/This/That+be+the first(second, third...) time+that-clause 这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种经历，关键是注意time前有序数词，主句是一般现在时is时，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过去时was时，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。
如：This is the first time(that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall.
        It was the fifth time(that) I had paid a friendly visit to America.
6、在一些相对固定的词组中，没有特殊含义，经常不翻译。
如：He's never really made it as an actor. 作为演员，他从未获得过真正的成功。
        It is my turn. 轮到我了。

强调句中的it：

可以用来改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分得到强调：
1）强调句的基本句型it's/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分
原句：I told Jim the news in our office yesterday.
强调主语：It was I that/who told Jim the news in our office yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Jim that I told the news in our office yesterday.
            或：It was the news that I told Jim in our office yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was in our office that I told Jim the news yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I told Jim the news in our office.
2）强调句的一般疑问句型Is/Was+it+所强调部分+that/who...?
如：Was it you that told Jim the news in your office yesterday?
3）强调句的特殊疑问句型疑问词+is/was+it+that/who...?
如：Who was it that told Jim the news in your office yesterday?
【注】强调句与主语从句虽然在形式上很相似，即都含有it is(was)...that。但，区别在于：强调句去掉it is(was)…that之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句却不能这样。
如：(It is)our hope(that) the two sides will work towards peace.
解析：去掉It is…that之后，句子是不成立的。由此得出该句不是强调句，而是一个简单的主语从句，it是形式主语，从句是真正的主语。

“it”的用法：

1、it 作形式主语：
it 在句中可作形式主语，而真正作主语的主语从句需要放在句子的末尾。主语从句后置常用以下几种结构：
1）It is/was+adj.+subject-clause可用于此句型的形容词有：
clear, certain, funny, good, impossible, likely, natural, obvious, possible, probable, strange, surprising, true, unusual, wonderful等。
如：It is obvious that going for sports will do a lot of good to your health.
2）It+be+adj./n.(forsb./ofsb.)+todosth. 该句型中的形容词通常表示事物的特点或特征的，如：
difficult, hard, easy, impossible, necessary, important等，此时用for；或表示人的性格特征或特点的，如:
nice, good, bad, kind, silly, foolish, wise, clever, careless, rude, brave, cruel, careful, grateful等，这时要用of 。
3）It is/was+名词词组+subject-clause可用于该结构的名词词组有：
a pity/duty, a good thing, no surprise, good news, an honor, a fact, a mystery, a shame, manners等。
 如：It's a pity that I didn't attend the party.
4）It is/was+V-ed+subject-clause可用于该结构的动词的过去分词有：
said, reported, thought, supposed, believed, hoped, expected, known, decided, announced, arranged等。
如：It is said that something had been done to end the pollution.
注：本句还可改写为：Something is said to have been done to end the pollution.
5）It+vi.+subject-clause可用于该结构的动词有：appear, seem, happen, occur等。
 如：It appeared to scientists that the stars had moved.
6）It doesn't matter(makes no difference,etc.) +连接代词或连接副词引起的从句作宾语。
如：It doesn't matter whether he'll join the army or not.
        It makes no difference where we have the conference.
7）一些固定句型：
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
如：It will take you two days to get there on foot. 
It costs sb. some money to do sth.
如：It costs 1,000 dollars to fly to America.
It is/was no use(useless) doing（做什么是没有用处的）
如：It's no use arguing with him.
It is/was no good doing（做什么是没有好处的）
8）以下句型结构中需要用虚拟语气
① It is/was important(necessary, strange) that...;
     It is/was ordered(required, suggested, proposed) that...;
     It is/was a pity(a shame) that...表示遗憾等感情的句子中，主语从句要用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
如：It's necessary that he(should) be operated on at once.
② It is (high)time that...结构中用should+动词原形（should不能省略）或动词过去式。
如：It is high time that you should make(made) full use of your time to go over your lessons.

2、it作形式宾语：
1）动词consider（feel, find, think等）+it+形容词（名词）+不定式（动词-ing形式，从句）。
 如：She thinks it no use telling me.
2）主语+appreciate（enjoy，like，love，hate）+it+if（when）...结构
如：We would appreciate it if you could come to help us.
3）dependon, relyon, see to（负责/设法做到）, takeforgranted（习以为常）等短语后跟that从句时，要以it作形式宾语。
如：We're depending on it that he will finish the job by Friday.

“it ”引起的几个易混淆的时间句型：

1）It be+时间+since-clause 这个句型表示从since从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为“自从…以来已多久了”，主句多用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时，如果表示过去的情况，主句一般用过去时，从句用过去完成时，或主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
注：since引导时间状语从句时，从句若使用终止性动词，则表示该时间是主句时间段的终点（时间从现在算起）；若从句使用延续性动词，则表示该动作状态的结束（时间从过去算起）。
如：It's five years since they got married. 他们结婚已经5年了。 
        It's five years since they were married. 他们离婚已经5年了。
        It's ten years since his father was a worker. 他父亲不当工人已经10年了。
        I haven't seen him since we were boys together. 我们长大以后再没有见过面。 
2）It be+时间+before-clause 这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语（如：long years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes），主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为“过多长时间才…”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就…”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时willbe；用was时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用willbe时，before从句常用一般现在时。 如：It was not long before she learned those poems by heart. 她没过多久就背会了那些诗。
        It was long before the police arrived. 过了很久警察才来。
        It will be hours before he makes a decision. 要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。
        It will not be hours before we meet again. 要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的
3）It be+时间+when-clause 这个句型中，it指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词（时间一般是具体时间）。主句和从句中的谓语动词在时态上是一致的，主句是willbe，when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
如：It was already 8 o'clock when we got home.
        It will be late afternoon when they get there. 
4）It be+时间+that-clause 这个句型是个强调句型。
如：It was at 5o'clock that he practiced playing the violin in the morning. (原句是：He practiced playing the violin at 5o'clock in the morning.)
比较：It was 5o'clock when he started in the morning.（5o'clock前没有介词，这个是定语从句）
5）It be+time+that-clause 这个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是is或was，that从句都须用动词的过去式或should+动词原形（但不及物动词通常用过去式），在time之前有时可以加上high 或about 以加强语气。
如：It is high time(that) he wrote a letter to his girl friend.
        It is time(that) we made people's life a little easier.= It is time that we should make people's life a little easier.