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初中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    There ____ great changes in our hometown in the last few years.
    [     ]

    A. have had
    B. have been
    C. were
    D. has been
    本题信息:2011年同步题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “There ____ great changes in our hometown in the last few years.[ ]A. have hadB. have beenC. wereD. has been” 主要考查您对

现在完成时

there be 句型

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 现在完成时
  • there be 句型
现在完成时:
过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式:
1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。
如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如:
—Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗?
—Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。)
3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如:
How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次?
提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如:
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)
→ Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型:
①for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
现在完成时特点:
1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如:
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。
例如:
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,
而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。
比较:
I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)

have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:
have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;
have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,
前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。
如:
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。

3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用.

4.不能与when连用.

现在完成时的用法:
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?    
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.

5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语+have / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了  
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。  
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to:去了没回
has been to :去过
has been in:呆了很久


There be句型:
是一常见的表示“存在”的句型。该结构不表示“存在”意义的现象又广见于书面语及口语,它以否定句的形式出现,用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。
There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词“那里”的含义。
There be 后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构;
1.There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式,一种是将否定副词not放在be 之后,如:
There isn’t a box in the room.房间里没有盒子。
There aren’t any pens on the desk.课桌上没有钢笔。
There hasn’t been any rain for a week.一周没下雨了。
There won’t be a meeting today.今天没有会议。
另一种是在主语前加上不定代词no , 如:
There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。
There are no pictures on the wall.墙上没有图画。
There will be no one at home tomorrow morning.明天上午不会有人在家。
There might be no money left。或许没有剩下什么钱。

2.There be 句型的一般疑问句是将be 放在there 之前,回答时用yes或no,后接简单答语。如:
Is there a cake on the table?桌子上有块蛋糕吗?
Yes,there is. / No,there isn’t.是,有。/ 不,没有。
Will there be a party tonight?今晚有聚会吗?
Yes,there will./ No, there won’t是的,有。/ 不,没有。
Have there been any letters from your mother lately?近日你妈妈有信来吗?
Yes,there have./ No, there haven’t.是,有的。/ 不,没有。

3.There be 句型的特殊疑问句主要有how many和how much做引导词两种情况:
How many students are there in your school?你们学校有多少学生?
How much money is there in your pocket?你口袋里有多少钱?

4.There be 句型的反意疑问句
There is a cup on the table, isn’t there?桌子上有只杯子,是吗?
There is some orange in the glass, isn’t there?杯子里有桔汁,是吗?
There are a lot of letters in the mailbox, aren’t there?邮筒里有很多信件,是吗?
There will be a new hospital nearby, won’t there?附近要建一家新医院,是吗?


There be句型结构:
1、There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的主语在数上一致,即“近主原则”,如:
There is a lamp on the table.
There are some apples in the bowl.
There are five books,two pens and a ruler in the school bag.
There is a ruler,two pens and five books in the school bag.

2、如果主语是复数名词,却表示一笔金额或一个总数或表达一个单个概念时,则仍用单数be形式,如:
There is five hundred dollars to pay.
There is still another 20 miles to drive.
There is duck and green vegetables for supper.

3、There be 中的be 有时可以是lie,stand,used to be,seem to be,appear to be 等,如:
There lies a river to the south.
There lived an old man in the small house.
There stood a temple near the river.
There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill.

4、There is(was)+no +动词ing结构相当于It is(was) impossible to +动词原形,如:
There is no going home. 回家是不可能了。
There is no living with him. 不能和他同住了。
There is no knowing what may happen. 不可能知道会发生什么事。

和have的比较:
1.区别点:there be 意为存在,强调某地有某物,不表示所属关系;have 表示所有关系, 强调某人或某地有某物,这是其基本用法。如:
There are some trees in front of the house.房前有些树。
Tom has many friends in China.汤姆在中国有许多朋友。
2.相同点:在表示结构上的含有时,既可以用there be 句型,也可以用have(has) 来表示。如:
There are many long rivers in China./China has many long rivers.中国有许多长河。
How many days are there in March?/How many days has March?三月份有多少天?

注意:
There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语
(如和将来时be going to will、现在完成时 havehas + pp. 、used to结构等连用,注意其构成形式)。
例如:
There must be a pen in the box.
There happened to be some money in my pocket.
There is going to be a meeting tonight.
There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.
There used to be a church across from the bank.

There be + 主语 + doing +介词短语. 例如:
There is a truck collecting rubish outside.
There is a wallet lying on the ground


There be结构中的be动词的确定:
1. there be 结构中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is,是复数时用are。如:   
   There is a flower in the bottle. 瓶里有一朵花。   
   There is some money in the purse. 钱包里有些钱。   
2. 若句子中有几个并列的主语时,be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:   
   There is a boy, a girl and two women in the house.
   房子里有一个男孩,一个女孩和两个妇女。   
   There are ten students and a teacher in the office.
   办公室里有十个学生和一个教师。   
3. 另外,在陈述句中为了强调地点,也可将介词短语提到句首。如:   
   In the tree there are five birds. 树上有五只鸟。

There be结构时态:
1.There be 句型中动词be可以有一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和完成时。
There is no harm in trying.不妨一试。
There were fabulous wildflowers in the hills last spring.去年春天,山中有极美的野花。
There will be a fine day tomorrow.明天将是一个晴天。
There have been several private schools in our area this year.今年,我们这里已经有好几所私立学校了。

2.There be 句型可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。
There may be a cigarette in that box.那只盒子里或许有支香烟。
There must be some cakes on the table.桌子上一定有些蛋糕。
There used to be a hospital there before the war.战前,那里曾经有家医院。

3.There be 句型也可以和这样一些的谓语动词连用:be going to 、seem to 、appear to 、used to、be likely to 、happen to ….
There seem to be a few trees between me and the green.在我与草坪之间好像有一些树。
There is gong to be a meeting tonight.今天晚上有个会议。
There is likely to be a storm.可能有一场暴雨。
There happened to be a bus nearby.碰巧附近有辆公交车。
There appears to have been a nasty accident.似乎发生了一起严重事故。

4.there be 结构中除可以用be 外,还可以用其它动词。例如:
There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。
Once upon a time there lived a king in China.从前中国有一个国王。
非谓语动词形式:
There be 结构的非谓语动词形式是there to be 和there being 两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。
1. there being 结构起名词的作用,直接位于句首作主语,通常用it 作形式主语,并且用for引导。
There being a bus stop near my house is a great advantage.我家旁边有个公共汽车站,很是方便。
It is impossible for there to be any more.不可能再有了。

2. there be 结构作宾语时,通常用there to be ,常作这样一些词的宾语:
expect,like, mean, intend, want,prefer,hate等。
I expect there to be no argument about this.我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。
I should prefer there to be no discussion of my private affairs.我宁愿不要讨论我的私事。
People don’t want there to be another war.人们不希望再有战争了。
另外,作介词宾语时,如果是介词for,只能用“there to be”其它介词用“there being”
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.老师在等着大家都安静下来。
I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。

3. 作状语的there be 形式,通常用“there being”结构。
There being nothing else to do ,we went home.因为没有其他事可做,我们就回家了。
They closed the door ,there being no customers.因为没有顾客,他们的店关门了。