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初中三年级英语

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  • 单选题
    —Hey, Amy, on a summer night, the weather is usually hot at night.
    —Yes, so I often go to sleep _____ the window _____.

    A. let, open
    B. have, closed
    C. with, closed
    D. with, open
    本题信息:2009年0117月考题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张雪
  • 本题答案
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本试题 “—Hey, Amy, on a summer night, the weather is usually hot at night.—Yes, so I often go to sleep _____ the window _____.A. let, openB. have, closedC....” 主要考查您对

独立主格

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  • 独立主格
独立主格结构
是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。
独立主格的形式:
一、一般独立主格形式
与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;
①名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
如:
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
②名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
如:
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
③名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如:
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
④名词/主格代词+形容词
如:
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
⑤名词/主格代词+副词
如:
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
⑥名词/主格代词+介词短语
如:
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。
⑦名词/主格代词+名词
His first shot failure,he fired again.
他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。

二、- with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密
形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语
with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。
上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)
在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。

三、- each引导的强调型独立主格:
形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式
这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词
如:
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive

四、其他形式 :
There being +名词(代词)
如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
It being +名词(代词)
如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
独立主格运用注意:
1.独立主格转换成状语从句,当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:
Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.
因为是星期天,我们去做了礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:
There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.
史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式.
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法:
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1.用作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.
工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2.用作条件状语
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3.用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4.用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).
他躺在草地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.
我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;
表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。