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高中二年级英语

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  • 单选题
    He made another wonderful discovery____ of great importance to science.
    [     ]

    A. which I think is
    B. which I think it is
    C. which I think it
    D. I think which is
    本题信息:2012年同步题英语单选题难度一般 来源:张铁富(高中英语)
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本试题 “He made another wonderful discovery____ of great importance to science.[ ]A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think wh...” 主要考查您对

关系代词

限制性定语从句

插入语

等考点的理解。关于这些考点您可以点击下面的选项卡查看详细档案。
  • 关系代词
  • 限制性定语从句
  • 插入语

关系代词的概念:

英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。
如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语,先行词是man) 
        The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
        A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
        He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.


关系代词用法:

1、that与which的用法区别:
      两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:
如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。
(2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:
如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。
(3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时,通常用that:
如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。
        All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
(4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that:
如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
        Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that:
如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
        The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 
(6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:
如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。
(7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:
如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
(8)当要避免重复时:
如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?

2、that与who的用法区别:

(1)两者均可指人,有时可互换:
如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。    
        Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
        He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。
(2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that: 
   ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时: 
如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
   ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):
如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?
   ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):
如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。


关系代词知识体系:

 


关系代词用法拓展:

1、as与which的用法区别
(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which:
如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
        It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
        This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:
如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
(3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用:
①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as:
如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。
②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制:
如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
        He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制:
如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制:
如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。
        She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

2、who与whom的用法区别:
两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格:
如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里?
        The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。
但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:
如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:
(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略:
如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略:
如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。


限制性定语从句的概念:

限制性定语是指对被修饰名词或代词的必需修饰,是被修饰名词或代词不可缺少的修饰语,如果去掉它句子意思往往会不明确或会发生变化。
如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
        The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。


关系代词引导的定语从句:

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)      
       He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)
例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。  
        Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语)
            The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句:

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。
例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
            Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
            Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,
例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
            He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。


限定性定语与非限定性定语的区别:

1、形式不同:
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
2、功能不同:
 限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
        His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
3、翻译不同:
在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开:
如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
        I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4、含义不同:
如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
        I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5、先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;
另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句:
如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
        He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
        Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)  
        Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6、关系词不同:
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。


判断关系代词与关系副词方法:

一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
            I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错
(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
(对)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注:习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
        A. where 
        B. that
        C. on which
        D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.  
        A. where 
        B. that
        C.on which
        D. the one
答案:例1:D,例2:A
例1变为肯定句:This museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注:在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。
而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。


定语从句知识体系:

 


关系代词that的用法:

1)不用that的情况:
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
如:(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介词后不能用:
如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
        We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e)先行词既有人,又有物时。
例:All that is needed is a supply of oil.  所需的只是供油问题。  
        Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。


插入语的概念:

所谓插入语,就是指插在句子中间,对句子起补充或附加的说明的成分。一般说来,插入语与句中其他部分没有语法上的联系,若将其去掉,句子结构仍然完整。插入语在句中主要起解释、说明、总结等作用,此外还可用于表示说话者的态度和看法、起强调作用、引起别方的注意、转移话题、承上启下等。


插入语的几种类型:

一、形容词(短语)作插入语
如:Sure enough, she was there. 果然她在那里。
        Strange to say, he is still ignorant of it.说也奇怪,他还不知道这件事。
  Mostimportantofall,theseactivitieshavestrengthenedtheirtieswiththeworkingpeople.最重要的是,这些活动加强了他们和劳动人民的联系。
二、副词(短语)作插入语
如:I'm seeing him in May一or rather early June. 我5月份见他——更确切地说是在6月初。
       We must be back be foremidnight;otherwisewe’llbelockedout.我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。
三、介词短语作插入语
Hedoesn’tmind.Infact,heisverypleased.他不介意,实际上他很高兴。
Bytheway,doyouknowwhereMarylives?顺便问一下,你知道玛丽住在哪里吗?
Theboyisnotfoolish.Onthecontrary,Ithinkheisveryclever.这孩子不愚蠢,相反我认为他很聪明。
Alotofuswanttoleavenow—Bill,forexample[=forexample,Bill].我们很多人现在都想走——比如,比尔就是一例。
四、v-ing分词(短语)作插入语
Generallyspeakingchildrenliketowatchtelevision.一般说来,小孩子喜欢看电视。
Judgingfrom[by]hisaccent,hemaybefromthesouth.听他的口音,他可能是南方人。
五、不定式短语作插入语
Tobeginwith,Idonotlikeitscolour.首先,我不喜欢它的颜色。
Totellthetruth,thefilmwasagreatdisappointmenttome.说实在的,那部影片使我大为失望。
Tomakealongstoryshort,weagreedtodisagree.长话短说,我们同意各自保留不同的看法。
六、句子(陈述句和一般疑问句等)作插入语
Believeitornot,theygotmarriedsoon.信不信由你,他们不久就结婚了。
Helearnseasily,andwhat’smore,herememberswhathehaslearnt.他学习起来很容易,而且他所学习过的都记得住。
Hedidn’tgo,that’stosay,it’snotrecordedthathedid.他没去,换句话说,他去了这个事实无案可查。


插入语用法例题解析:

插入语是一种独立成分,通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系,插入语大都是对一句话进行附加说明或解释,通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,常置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。下面举例归纳插入语的几种用法。
例1:____the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
解析:本题答案为C.  generally speaking为分词短语,意思是“一般来说”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:许多分词短语可以用作插入语,这样的分词短语有:strictly speaking(严格地说),generally considering(一般认为),judging from……(根据……判断)等。
例2:Two middle-aged passengers fellin to the sea.____, neither of them could swim.
A. In fact
B. Luckily
C. Unfortunately
D. Naturally
解析:本题答案为C.  unfortunately为副词,意思是“令人遗憾地,不巧,可惜”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有:indeed(的确),surely(无疑),however(然而),frankly(坦率地说),obviously(显然),naturally(天然地),luckily(happily)forsb.(算某人幸运),fortunately(幸好),strangely(奇怪),briefly(简单地说)等。
例3:Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard, ____, you failed.
A. in the end
B. after all
C. in other words
D. at the same time
解析:本题答案为C.   in other words为介词短语,意思是“换句话说”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的介词短语有:in conclusion(总之),in a word(简而言之),in short(简而言之),in general(一般说来),in a sense(在某种意义上),in my view(在我看来),in his opinion(按照他的看法),in fact(事实上),at first(首先),in addition(此外),of course(当然),to my surprise(使我惊奇的),to her regret(使她遗憾的),for example(例如)等。
例4:It is so nice to hear from her.____, we last met more than thirty years ago.
A.What's more
B. That is to say
C. In other words
D. Believe it or not 
解析:本题答案为D.  believe it or not为一分句,意思是“信不信由你”,在句中作插入语。
小结:用简短的句子结构作插入语,它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有:I am sure(我可以肯定地说),I believe(我相信),do you know(你知道吗),you see(你明白),I'm afraid(恐怕),it is said(据说),I suppose(我想),what's more(而且),what's worse(更糟糕的是),that is(也就是说),what is important(重要的是)等。
例5:____with you, I have no money to spare.
A. To be frank
B. What's more
C. In addition
D. However
解析:本题答案为A. to be frank为不定式短语,意思是“坦率地说”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的不定式短语有:to be sure(无疑地),to sumup(概括地说),to tell the truth(老实说)等。
例6_____, he should have done such a thing.
A. Speakinggeneral
B. Strangetosay
C. Luckily
D. Ofcourse
解析:本题答案为B. strange to say为形容词短语,意思是“说也奇怪”,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有:true(真的),funny(真可笑),needless to say(不用说),mos timportant of all(最为重要),worse still(更糟糕的),even better(更好)等。


插入语的几种类型:

1)形容词(短语)作插入语:
能用作插入语的形容词(短语)常见的有:true,wonderful,excellent,strangetosay, mostimportantofall,sureenough等。 
如:True, it would be too bad. 真的,太糟了。 
        Wonderful, we have won again. 太好了,我们又赢了。 
2)副词(短语)作插入语: 
能用作插入语的副词(短语)有:indeed,surely,still,otherwise,certainly,however, generally,personally,honestly,fortunately,luckily,though,besides,exactly, perhaps,maybe,probably,frankly,orrather等。 
如:When he got there, he found, however, that the weather was too bad. 可是到了那儿之后他发现,那儿的天气太坏了。 
        Otherwise, he would still be at home. 不然的话,他还会在家的。
3)介词短语作插入语: 
能用作插入语的介词短语有:in fact,in one's opinion,in general,in a word,in other words,in a few words,of course,by the way,as a result,for example,on the contrary,on the other hand,to one's surprise,in short,as a matter of fact, in conclusion,in brief等。 
如:You can't wait any more-in other words, you should start at once. 你不能再等了—换言之,你得立即出发。 
        On the contrary, we should streng then our cooperation with them. 相反,我们应该加强和他们的合作。
4)V-ing(短语)作插入语: 
能用作插入语的V-ing(短语)常见的有:generally speaking,strictly speaking,judging from by,talking of,considering等。 
如:Generally speaking, the weather there is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. 一般来说,那儿的气候冬天不太冷,夏天不太热。 
        Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist. 从衣着来判断,他可能是个艺术家。
5)不定式短语作插入语: 
能用作插入语的不定式短语有:to be frank,to be honest,to be sure,to tell you the truth,to make matters worse,to sumup,to start with,to begin with等。 
如:To be frank, I don't quite agree with you. 坦率地说,我不太同意你的意见。 
        To tell you the truth, I'm not so interested in the matter. 跟你说实话,我对这件事情的兴趣不大。 
        To sumup, success results from hard work. 总而言之,成功是艰苦努力的结果。
6)句子(陈述句和一般疑问句)作插入语:
能用作插入语的句子有:I am sure,I believe,I think,I know,I suppose,I hope,I'm afraid,you see,what's more,that is to say,as we know,as I see,believe it or not等。 
如:Some animals only half-hibernate, that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one. 有些动物只是半冬眠,就是说,它们的睡眠并不是深度睡眠。 
        I believe, China will catch up with the developed countries sooner or later. 我确信,中国迟早会赶上发达国家。 
        He can't pass the exam, because he doesn't study hard.
        What's more, he isn't so clever. 他不能通过这次考试,因为他学习不认真,更何况他又不太聪明。